盘点:美国任期最短的十位总统(双语组图)

盘点:美国任期最短的十位总统(双语组图)  

Some presidents seem to have far too long in the Whitehouse
but some have had so little time that they were barely able to fulfill their duties. This is a list of the ten shortest presidencies in US history.
一些总统看来霸占白宫的时间那个长啊，但是有些人的任期短到还没达成使命就下台了。下面就是美国十位任期最短的总统。
10. John Tyler
1
430 Days
In Office: April 4
1841—March 4
1845
在位：1841年4月4日——1845年3月4日
Served the remainder of William Harrison's term. Denied renomination by the Whigs
Tyler flirted with the Liberty Party
but was persuaded not to run by the Democrats (his former party). Tyler's presidency was rarely taken seriously in his time. He was usually referred to as the “Acting President” or “His Accidency” by opponents. Further
Tyler quickly found himself at odds with his former political supporters.
Tyler继William Harrison后担任美国总统。遭辉格党开除党籍，之后与自由党关系密切，但是又被劝说不要加入民主党（他曾经的党派）。Tyler的总统角色在他人生中并不出彩。他通常被称作是“代理总统”或被对手称作“碰巧总统”。另外，Tyler很快发现他和之前政治上的支持者想法相悖。


9. Andrew Johnson
1
419 Days
In Office: April 15
1865—March 4
1869
在位： 1865年4月15日——1869年3月4日
Served the remainder of Lincoln's term. Sought the Democratic nomination in 1868
but was unsuccessful. Johnson had an ambiguousparty status. He attempted to build up a party of loyalists under the National Union label
but he did not identify with either of the o main parties while President—though he did try for the Democratic nomination in 1868. Asked in 1868 why he did not bee a Democrat
he said “It is true I am asked why don't I join the Democratic party. Why don't they join me…if I have administered the office of president so well?”
Johnson继Lincoln接任美国总统。在1868年寻求民主党提名，但是未能成功。Johnson的党派一直模棱两可。他曾尝试打着民族联盟的旗号建立一个反对独立的党派，但是在他在位期间，他并未明确自己从属两个主要党派中的哪个--尽管他在1868年尝试让民主党提名他继任。当别人问他为什么1868年他没有成为民主党人，他说：“问我为什么不加入民主党是对的。如果我将美国管理的很出色，为什么他们不和我统一战线？”


8. Chester A Arthur
1
262 Days
In Office: September 19
1881—March 4
1885
在位：1881年9月19日——1885年3月4日
Served the remainder of Garfield's term. Sought a full term
but was not re-nominated. The Arthur Administration enacted the first general Federal immigration law. Arthur approved a measure in 1882 excluding paupers
criminals
and the mentally ill. Congress also suspended Chinese immigration for ten years with the Chinese Exclusion Act
later making the restriction permanent.
继Garfield，Arthur担任了美国总统。他希望能完成任期，但是没有再被提名。亚瑟政府颁布了第一部移民法典。Arthur在1882年通过了排斥移民、罪犯和精神有问题的人的措施。国会也通过《排华法案》禁止中国移民长达10年，而后，该限制改成了永久制。


7. John F Kennedy
1
036 Days
In Office: January 20
1961—November 22
1963
在位：1961年1月20日——1963年11月22日
Assassinated in his first term. John F. Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th President at noon on January 20
1961. In his inauguraladdress he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens
famously saying
“Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” He also asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the “mon enemies of man: tyranny
poverty
disease
and war itself.”
John F Kennedy在其的任期内遇刺身亡。他在1961年1月20日中午宣誓就任美国第35任总统。在他的就职演说中，他提到所有美国人都要活跃起来，他的名言是“不要问你的国家能为你做些什么；问问你自己能为祖国做什么贡献。”他也呼吁全世界所有国家一同打击他所说的：“人类共同的敌人：暴政、贫穷、疾病和战争。”


6. Millard Fillmore
969 Days
In Office: July 9
1850 —March 4
1853
在位：1850年7月9日——1853年3月4日
Served the remainder of Taylor's term. Sought the Whig nomination in 1852
but lost to Winfield Scott. Four years later
ran again (as a Know Nothing) and came in third. As president
Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences beeen the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate.
Taylor之后的又一位总统。1852年寻求辉格党提名，但是败给了Winfield Scott。四年后，卷土重来。作为总统，Fillmore处理辉格党的党派纷争；党派和谐成为他的首要目标。他尝试通过指出辉格党和民主党（通过计划关税改革来对民主党进行负面影响）的区别来团结党派。另一个Fillmore的主要目标就是防止协会奴隶争论激烈化。


5. Gerald Ford
895 Days
In Office: August 9
1974 — January 20
1977
在位：1974年8月9日——1977年1月20日
Served the remainder of Nixon's term. Not elected for full term. In foreign policy
the Helsinki Accords marked a move toward detente in the Cold War
even as the former ally South Vietnam was invaded and conquered by North Vietnam; Ford did not intervene
but did help extract friends of the U.S. At home
the economy suffered from inflation and recession. Ford came under intense criticism for granting a preemptive pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal.
继Nixon后，Ford继位。未能完成完整任期。对于外交政策，Helsinki Accords见证了冷战趋于缓和，正如前联盟南越南被北越南入侵且占领；Ford并未干涉，但是他确实帮助了一些美国的亲密国家。而国内，经济正遭受通货膨胀和衰退。Ford在无条件赦免因“水门丑闻”而下台的前总统Richard Nixon的事件上受到了严重批评。


4. Warren G Harding
881 Days
In Office: March 4
1921— August 2
1923
在位：1921年3月4日——1923年8月2日
Died in his first term. In April 1921
speaking before a joint session of congress he called for peacemaking with Germany and Austria
emergency tariffs
new immigration laws
regulation of radio and trans cable munications retrenchment in government
tax reduction
repeal of wartime excess profits tax
reduction of railroad rates
promotion of agricultural interests
a national budget system
a great merchant marine and a department of public welfare.
Harding在他的任期内去世。在1921年4月，国会的联合议会前，他做出了对于调解德国和奥地利的关系、紧急关税、新移民法、关税下降、撤销战时过分利得税、减少铁路税，提高农业收入、国家预算系统、国家商船队和公共福利部门等事务的呼吁。


3. Zachary Taylor
491 Days
In Office: March 4
1849—July 9
1850
在位：1849年3月4日——1850年7月9日
Died in his first term. Did not take the oath of office until March 5
1849
because March 4th fell on a Sunday and Taylor declined to take the oath on Sunday because of his religious beliefs. The slavery issue dominated Taylor's short term. Although he owned slaves
he took a moderate stance on the territorial expansion of slavery
angering fellow Southerners. Taylor urged settlers in New Mexico and California to draft constitutions and apply for statehood
bypassing the territorial stage. New Mexico was too small to act but California — which had high population growth from the gold rush — wrote a constitution that did not allow slavery; it was approved by the voters and a new state government took over in December 1849 without Congressional approval.
Taylor在他的任期内去世。Taylor直到1849年3月5日才宣誓就职，因为他的宗教信仰，他拒绝在周日（3月4日）进行宣誓。在Taylor不长的任期内，奴隶问题一直干扰着他。虽然他自己也有奴隶，但是他对奴隶土地扩张始终保持中立姿态，惹恼了南方人。Taylor敦促新墨西哥和加利福尼亚起草宪法，并进行运用，越过领土问题。新墨西哥太小以至于无法执行，但是加州--因淘金热造成人口密集--撰写了一份不允许使用奴隶的宪法；1849年12月，该宪法由投票人选举通过，无需国会批准，由新的州立政府接管。


2. James A Garfield
199 Days
In Office: March 4
1881 —September 19
1881
在位：1881年3月4日—1881年9月19日
Assassinated within less than a year of his first term. Beeen his election and his inauguration
Garfield was occupied with constructing a cabi that would balance all Republican factions. He was shot by Charles Julius Guiteau
disgruntled by failed efforts to secure a federal post
on July 2
1881
at 9:30 a.m.
less than four months after taking office.
在他就任的第一年内被暗杀。在他被选举和宣誓就职之间，Garfield致力于创建内阁以平衡所有共和党的小派别。他被谋官未成的Charles Julius Guiteau于1881年7月2日上午9点30分枪杀，这离他就职不到四个月。


1. William Henry Harrison
31 Days
In Office: March 4
1841 —April 4
1841
在位：1841年3月4日——1841年4月4日
Died within a month of his first term. Harrison only had time for one official act: calling Congress into a special session
which he set to begin on May 31
1841. He and Whig leader Henry Clay had disagreed over the necessity of the special session (which Harrison opposed
but Clay desired in order to immediately get his economic agenda underway)
but Clay's powerful position in both the legislature and the Whig Party quickly forced Harrison to give in. Harrison was the first president to die in office.
就职的第一个月内离世。Harrison仅仅参与过一次官方活动：1841年5月31日开始召集国会开展特别会议。他和辉格党领导人Henry Clay对于特别会议的必要性产生分歧（Harrison反对，但是Clay为了使他的经济议程顺利进行希望会议尽快进行），但是Clay在立法机构和辉格党的有利地位迫使Harrison让步。Harrison是首个在职时去世的总统。