国家考试制度创立何时 其他国家的考试制度是什么?

其他国家的考试制度是什么?  

What are the examination systems in other countries?
Australia:
Pupils have external exams at 18. These exams act as a certificate of school pletion and
depending on grade
entry into tertiary education.
学生在18岁时要参加外部考试。这些考试相当于学校结业证书，并根据年级的不同作为进入高等教育的证明。
Canada: Alberta
At age 15 pupils' achievement is tested in 5 subjects: Maths
Science
Social Studies
English and French. This is not a formal leaving certificate but shows which pupils are eligible to attend senior high school. At age 18 pupils can obtain one of the following:
• Alberta High School Diploma ;
• Certificate of High School Achievement (for Students enrolled in knowledge and employability courses);
• Certificate of Achievement (for students on specific integrated occupational programmes);
• Certificate of School Completion (for students with significant cognitive delays).
The majority of students receive the High School Diploma.
Canada: Ontario
To gain the high school diploma ‐ students must:
• obtain thirty credits in high school;
• successfully plete pulsory Grade 10 literacy test (students aged 15/16);
• plete 40 hours of munity involvement.
Estonia:
16 year-olds take three examinations at the end of pulsory education: either Estonian language and literature or Estonian as a second language
Maths and one subject chosen by the student from English
German
Russian as a foreign language
French
biology
chemistry
physics
geography
history
civic studies and Russian language and literature.
Upper secondary school pupils (age 19) take a minimum of five upper secondary school final examinations chosen from Estonian
Estonian as a second language
Russian
Russian as a foreign language
civic studies
mathematics
English
German
French
biology
geography
chemistry
history
and physics. At least three of these must be state examinations. The remaining o can be school examinations or state examinations (the latter are integrated with higher educational institution entrance examinations).
Finland:
At age 18 to 19 students usually take the matriculation examination: This prises at least four tests:
• mother tongue (pulsory)
• three other pulsory tests from second national language
foreign language
maths
and one test from sciences or humanities
• one or more optional tests.
France:
Lower secondary education ends at 15 when pupils take a lower secondary leaving exam
the brevet
which prises tests French
maths
history/geography and civics education together with continuous assessment from 13-15. After one year of upper secondary education
pupils can leave or continue their education. Those that stay on can choose from a range of Baccalauréate
a technical brevet or vocational certificates.
Japan:
No national assessment. Individual institutions arrange assessment at the end of lower secondary education (age 15) which may influence entry to senior high school although entry tests for these are often administered by municipal boards of education. Each local senior high school selects its own pupils under supervision of boards of education and in accordance with individual board’s regulations. National and private upper secondary schools conduct their own entrance exams. Individual institutions issue a Certificate of Upper Secondary Education at age 18. This Certificate is just one of the requirements for entry to higher education.
Korea (South):
No national examination on pletion of lower secondary phase education. However
students may need to take an entrance exam at age 15+ for some upper secondary schools.
At age 18+
pupils receive either a High School Certificate or a Vocational High School Certificate. All students who wish to go to junior college after upper secondary school (high school) have to take the national College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT). CSAT involves written tests in subject domains: Korean; Maths; English; Social studies
science and vocational education (pupils choose 9 tests from a range of options); and a second foreign language.
Higher education institutions announce annually their student admission criteria which include elements such as CSAT score
prehensive high school records
institution‐administered examinations
interviews
essays and remendation letters.
The CSAT is currently being revised (applicable from 2014). The pressure on students taking CSAT will be significantly reduced ready for when the college entrance system is changed to one centred on an admissions office system.
The Netherlands:
At age 15
schools assess whether students have acquired the knowledge
understanding and skills described in the attainment targets for basic secondary education (known as the first cycle). Pupils then enter the second cycle which prepares students for specific
differentiated terminal examinations:
• VMBO
pre-vocational secondary education qualification: prises a pulsory mon ponent (Dutch
English
social studies I
physical education and arts I)
an optional ponent
and a sector‐specific ponent (chosen from: engineering and technology
care and welfare
business or agriculture)
• HAVO
senior general secondary education qualification: mon ponent as above
specialised ponents and an optional ponent chosen from subject binations: "science and technology"
"science and health" and "economics and society". As well as terminal exams
pupils have to write a project which is expected to take 80 hours.
• VWO
a pre-university qualification: as HAVO but with a greater study load.
New Zealand:
The National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) is the main qualification at all levels of the senior secondary school. It allows a diverse range of students in an increasingly wide variety of courses in schools to have their achievements recognised and reported. Students pleting Year 11 – the final year of pulsory education (age 15/16) obtain credits towards the NCEA. Approved courses are listed in the New Zealand Qualifications Framework (NZQF).
Students can achieve the NCEA from a wide range of studies within the school curriculum and beyond. Each subject is assessed externally and by internal assessment (externally moderated) using achievement standards developed by education
industry and national standards bodies. These standards are in place for general/academic (school curriculum) subjects and for vocational and technical subjects.
NCEA is intended to be a prehensive record of what pupils achieve and a 'launching pad' for their ongoing learning and future careers. It is standards‐ased and plements external assessment with internal assessment in all conventional school subjects at three levels (Level 1 NCEA
Level 2 NCEA
and Level 3 NCEA
broadly equivalent to Year 11
Year 12 and Year 13).
USA – Massachusetts:
No qualification is awarded at the end of pulsory education (age 16). However
one of the requirements for a high school graduation diploma – received on pletion of Grade 12 (age 18) is that students pass the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) Grade 10 "petency determination" tests in English
Maths
Science and technology.
18 year olds who plete high school and have passed the MCAS tests are awarded the high school graduation diploma. This is the minimum requirement for US higher education. However
university applicants are also judged on their high school record
courses taken and marks received
teachers' remendations and marks in college/higher education admission tests.