地理环境包括哪些方面 历史地理学主要包括哪些方面?

历史地理学主要包括哪些方面?  

历史地理学主要包括哪些方面?

历史自然地理学：研究历史时期自然地理环境的变化及其规律，例如：历史气候研究。
历史人文地理学：研究历史时期人文地理环境的变化及其规律
区域历史地理学：中国历史地理学历史地图

历史地理学需要哪些课本

呵呵，
《中国历史地理学》 蓝勇 编著 高等教育出版社
《中国历史地图集》 谭其骧 主编
《中国历代行政区划制度的演变》 林丁水
《中国历代疆域变迁》 葛剑雄 主编
《中国古都和文化》 史念海 著
《中历史地理研究》 施和金 编
《中国历史地理学》 耿占军 主编
《中历史地理简论》 马正林 著
《中国历史地理》 陈代光 主编
这是一些课本
看你喜欢什么方向，还有许多具体的论文；一般是谭其骧的多看看，史念海的，葛剑雄的！都比较著名！
此外，应该注意注意刚刚出版的现刊：
如：《历史地理》 复旦大学中国历史地理研究中心编
《九州》杂志 北京大学中历史地理研究中心编
《环境变迁研究》北京大学中历史地理研究中心编
《中历史地理论丛》 陕西师范大学中国历史地理研究所 编
还有中国科学院、中山大学、浙大等中国历史地理研究室编的
呵呵，忘了，基本就这么多了！主要看你喜欢那个方向，在哦具体看咯！

河北有历史地理学方面 自考

你这是在做宣传还是在提问题？
如果是宣传的话，应该加个感叹号
如果是提问的话，就应该加个问号
因为你的这句话有严重的歧义
如果你是在宣传，劝你省省
如果你是在提问，建议你去自考办问。去学校问不到什么的：有倒也好，没有的话他们一般都不知道到底哪里有。我个人觉得自考办的信息会比较全一点

历史地理学方面的英语介绍

Historical Geology
Historical geology focuses on the study of the evolution of earth and its life through time. Historical geology includes many subfields. Stratigraphy and sedimentary geology are fields that investigate layered rocks and the environments in which they are found. Geochronology is the study of determining the age of rocks, while paleontology is the study of fossils. Other fields, such as paleoceanography, paleoseismology, paleoclimatology, and paleomagism, apply geologic knowledge of ancient conditions to learn more about the earth. The Greek prefix paleo is used to identify ancient conditions or periods in time, and monly means “the reconstruction of the past.”
B1 Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is the study of the history of the earth's crust, particularly its stratified (layered) rocks. Stratigraphy is concerned with determining age relationships of rocks as well as their distribution in space and time. Rocks may be studied in an outcrop but monly are studied from drilled cores (samples that have been collected by drilling into the earth). Most of the earth's surface is covered with sediment or layered rocks that record much of geologic history; this is what makes stratigraphy important. It is also important for many economic and environmental reasons. A large portion of the world's fossil fuels, such as oil, gas, and coal, are found in stratified rocks, and much of the world's groundwater is stored in sediments or stratified rocks.
Stratigraphy may be subdivided into a number of fields. Biostratigraphy is the use of fossils for age determination and correlation of rock layers; magostratigraphy is the use of magic properties in rocks for similar purposes. Newer fields in stratigraphy include chemostratigraphy, seismic stratigraphy, and sequence stratigraphy. Chemostratigraphy uses chemical properties of strata for age determination and correlation as well as for recognizing events in the geologic record. For example, oxygen isoes (forms of oxygen that contain a different number of neutrons in the nuclei of atoms) may provide evidence of an ancient paleoclimate. Carbon isoes may identify biologic events, such as extinctions. Rare chemical elements may be concentrated in a marker layer (a distinctive layer that can be correlated over long distances). Seismic stratigraphy is the subsurface study of stratified rocks using seismic reflection techniques. This field has revolutionized stratigraphic studies since the late 1970s and is now used extensively both on land and offshore. Seismic stratigraphy is used for economic reasons, such as finding oil, and for scientific studies. An offshoot of seismic stratigraphy is sequence stratigraphy, which helps geologists reconstruct sea level changes throughout time. The rocks used in sequence stratigraphy are bounded by, or surrounded by, surfaces of erosion called unconformities.
B2 Sedimentology
Sedimentology, or sedimentary geology, is the study of sediments and sedimentary rocks and the determination of their origin. Sedimentary geology is process oriented, focusing on how sediment was deposited. Sedimentologists are geologists who attempt to interpret past environments based on the observed characteristics, called facies, of sedimentary rocks. Facies analysis uses physical, chemical, and biological characteristics to reconstruct ancient environments. Facies analysis helps sedimentologists determine the features of the layers, such as their geometry, or layer shape; porosity, or how many pores the rocks in the layers have; and permeability, or how permeable the layers are to fluids. This type of analysis is important economically for understanding oil and gas reservoirs as well as groundwater supplies.
B3 Geochronology
The determination of the age of rocks is called geochronology. The fundamental tool of geochronology is radiometric dating (the use of radioactive decay processes as recorded in earth materials to determine the numerical age of rocks). Most radiometric dating techniques are useful in dating igneous and metamorphic rocks and minerals. One type of non-radiometric dating, called strontium isoe dating, measures different forms of the element strontium in sedimentary materials to date the layers. Geologists also have ways to determine the ages of surfaces that have been exposed to the sun and to cosmic rays. These methods are called thermoluminescence dating and cosmogenic isoe dating. Geologists can count the annual layers recorded in tree rings, ice cores, and certain sediments such as those found in lakes, for very precise geochronology. However, this method is only useful for time periods up to tens of thousands of years. Some geoscientists are now using Milankovitch cycles (the record of change in materials caused by variations in the earth's orbit) as a geologic time clock. See also Dating Methods: Radiometric Dating.
B4 Paleontology and Paleobiology
Paleontology is the study of ancient or fossil life. Paleobiology is the application of biological principles to the study of ancient life on earth. These fields are fundamental to stratigraphy and are used to reconstruct the history of anisms' evolution and extinction throughout earth history. The oldest fossils are older than 3 billion years, although fossils do not bee abundant and diverse until about 500 million years ago. Different fossil anisms are characteristic of different times, and at certain times in earth history, there have been mass extinctions (times when a large proportion of life disappears). Other anisms then replace the extinct forms. The study of fossils is one of the most useful tools for reconstructing geologic history because plants and animals are sensitive to environmental changes, such as changes in the climate, temperature, food sources, or sunlight. Their fossil record reflects the world that existed while they were alive. Paleontology is monly divided into vertebrate paleontology (the study of anisms with backbones), invertebrate paleontology (the study of anisms without backbones), and micropaleontology (the study of microscopic fossil anisms). Many other subfields of paleontology exist as well. Paleobotanists study fossil plants, and palynologists study fossil pollen. Ichnology is the study of trace fossils—tracks, trails, and burrows left by anisms. Paleoecology attempts to reconstruct the behavior and relationships of ancient anisms.
B5 Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Paleoceanography (the study of ancient oceans) and paleoclimatology (the study of ancient climates) are o subfields that use fossils to help reconstruct ancient conditions. Scientists also study stable isoes, or different forms, of oxygen to reconstruct ancient temperatures. They use carbon and other chemicals to reconstruct aspects of ancient oceanographic and climatic conditions. Detailed paleoclimatic studies have used cores from ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland to reconstruct the last 200,000 years. Ocean cores, tree rings, and lake sediments are also useful in paleoclimatology. Geologists hope that by understanding past oceanographic and climatic changes, they can help predict future change.
VI HISTORY OF GEOLOGY
Geology originated as a modern scientific discipline in the 18th century, but humans have been collecting systematic knowledge of the earth since at least the Stone Age. In the Stone Age, people made stone tools and pottery, and had to know which materials were useful for these tasks. Beeen the 4th century and 1st century bc, ancient Greek and Roman philosophers began the task of keeping written records relating to geology. Throughout the medieval and Renaissance periods, people began to study mineralogy and made detailed geologic observations. The 18th and 19th centuries brought widespread study of geology, including the publication of Charles Lyell’s book Principles of Geology, and the National Surveys (expeditions that focused on the collection of geologic and other scientific data). The concept of geologic time was further developed during the 19th century as well. At the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, the field of geology expanded even more. During this time, geologists developed the theories of continental drift, plate tectonics, and seafloor spreading.
A Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophers
In western science, the first written records of geological thought e from the Greeks and Romans. In the 1st century bc, for example, Roman architect Vitruvius wrote about building materials such as pozzolana, a volcanic ash that Romans used to make hydraulic cement, which hardened under water. Historian Pliny the Elder, in his encyclopedia, Naturalis Historia (Natural History), summarized Greek and Roman ideas about nature.
Science as an anized system of thought can trace its roots back to the Greek philosopher Aristotle. In the 4th century bc Aristotle developed a philosophical system that explained nature in a methodical way. His system proposed that the world is made of four elements (earth, air, fire, and water), with four qualities (cold, hot, dry, and wet), and four causes (material, efficient, formal, and final). Aording to Aristotle, elements could change into one another, and the earth was filled with water and air, which could rush about and cause earthquakes. Other philosophers of this era who wrote about earth materials and processes include Aristotle's student Theophrastus, the author of an essay on stones.
B Chinese Civilizations
Chinese civilizations developed ideas about the earth and technologies for studying the earth. For example, in 132 AD the Chinese philosopher Chang Heng invented the earliest known seismoscope. This instrument had a circle of dragons holding balls in their mouths, surrounded by frogs at the base. The balls would drop into the mouths of frogs when an earthquake ourred. Depending on which ball was dropped, the direction of the earthquake could be determined.
C Medieval and Renaissance Periods
The nature and origin of minerals and rocks interested many ancient writers, and mineralogy may have been the first systematic study to arise in the earth sciences. The Saxon chemist Geius Agricola wrote De Re Metallica (On the Subject of Metals) following early work by both the Islam natural philosopher Avicenna and the German naturalist Albertus Magnus. De Re Metallica was published in 1556, a year after Agricola’s death. Many consider this book to be the foundation of mineralogy, mining, and metallurgy.
Medieval thought was strongly influenced by Aristotle, but science began to move in a new direction during the Renaissance Period. In the early 1600s, English natural philosopher Francis Bacon reasoned that detailed observations were required to make conclusions. Around this time French philosopher René Descartes argued for a new, rational system of thought. Most natural philosophers, or scientists, in this era studied many aspects of philosophy and science, not focusing on geology alone.
Studies of the earth during this time can be placed in three categories. The first, cosmology, proposed a structure of the earth and its place in the universe. As an example of a cosmology, in the early 1500s Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the earth was a satellite in a sun-centered system. The second category, cosmogony, concerned the origin of the earth and the solar system. The Saxon mathematician and natural philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von Leibniz, in a cosmogony, described an initially molten earth, with a crust that cooled and broke up, forming mountains and valleys. The third category of study was in the tradition of Francis Bacon, and it involved detailed observations of rocks and related features. English scientist Robert Hooke and Danish anatomist and geologist Nicolaus Steno (Niels Stenson) both made observations in the 17th century of fossils and studied other geologic ics as well. In the 17th century, mineralogy also continued as an important field, both in theory and in practical matters, for example, with the work of German chemist J. J. Becher and Irish natural philosopher Robert Boyle.
D Geology in the 18th and 19th Centuries
By the 18th century, geological study began to emerge as a separate field. Italian mining geologist Giovanni Arduino, Prussian chemist and mineralogist Johan Gottlob Lehmann, and Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman all developed ways to categorize the layers of rocks on the earth's surface. The German physician Ge Fuchsel defined the concept of a geologic formation—a distinctly mappable body of rocks. The German scientist Abraham Gottlob Werner called himself a geognost (a knower of the earth). He used these categorizations to develop a theory that the earth's layers had precipitated from a universal ocean. Werner's system was very influential, and his followers were known as Neptunists. This system suggested that even basalt and granite were precipitated from water. Others, such as English naturalists James Hutton and John Playfair, argued that basalt and granite were igneous rocks, solidified from molten materials, such as lava and magma. The group that held this belief became known as Volcanists or Plutonists.
By the early 19th century, many people were studying geologic ics, although the term geologist was not yet in general use. Scientists, such as Scottish geologist Charles Lyell, and French geologist Louis Constant Prevost, wanted to establish geology as a rational scientific field, like chemistry or physics. They found this goal to be a challenge in o important ways. First, some people wanted to reconcile geology with the aount of creation in Genesis (a book of the Old Testament) or wanted to use supernatural explanations for geologic features. Second, others, such as French anatomist Gees Cuvier, used catastrophes to explain much of earth’s history. In response to these o challenges, Lyell proposed a strict form of uniformitarianism, which assumed not only uniformity of laws but also uniformity of rates and conditions. However, assuming the uniformity of rates and conditions was incorrect, because not all processes have had constant rates throughout time. Also, the earth has had different conditions throughout geologic time—that is, the earth as a rocky pla has evolved. Although Lyell was incorrect to assume uniformity of rates and conditions, his well reasoned and very influential three-volume book, Principles of Geology, was published and revised 11 times beeen 1830 and 1872. Many geologists consider this book to mark the beginning of geology as a professional field.
Although parts of their theories were rejected, Abraham Gottlob Werner and Gees Cuvier made important contributions to stratigraphy and historical geology. Werner's students and followers went about attempting to correlate rocks aording to his system, developing the field of physical stratigraphy. Cuvier and his co-worker Alexandre Brongniart, along with English surveyor William Smith, established the principles of biostratigraphy, using fossils to establish the age of rocks and to correlate them from place to place. Later, with these established stratigraphies, geologists used fossils to reconstruct the history of life's evolution on earth.
E Age of Geologic Exploration
In the late 18th and the 19th centuries, naturalists on voyages of exploration began to make important contributions to geology. Reports by German natural historian Alexander von Humboldt about his travels influenced the worlds of science and art. The English naturalist Charles Darwin, well known for his theory of evolution, began his scientific career on the voyage of the HMS Beagle, where he made many geological observations. American geologist James Dwight Dana sailed with the Wilkes Expedition throughout the Pacific and made observations of volcanic islands and coral reefs. In the 1870s, the HMS Challenger was launched as the first expedition specifically to study the oceans.
Expeditions on land also led to new geologic observations. Countries and states established geological surveys in order to collect information and map geologic resources. For example, in the 1860s and 1870s Clarence King, Ferdinand V. Hayden, John Wesley Powell, and Gee Wheeler conducted four surveys of the American West. These surveys led to several new concepts in geology. American geologist Grove Karl Gilbert described the Basin and Range Province and first recognized laoliths (round igneous rock intrusions). Reports also came back of spectacular sites such as Yellowstone, Yosemite, and the Grand Canyon, which would later bee national parks. Competition beeen these survey parties finally led the Congress of the United States to establish the U.S. Geological Survey in 1879.
F Geologic Time
Determining the age of the earth became a renewed scholarly effort in the 19th century. Unlike the Greeks and most eastern philosophers, who considered the earth to be eternal, western philosophers believed that the pla had a definite beginning and must have a measurable age. One way to measure this age was to count generations in the Bible, as the Anglican Archbishop James Ussher did in the 1600s, ing up with a total of about 6000 years. In the 1700s, French natural scientist Gee Louis Leclerc (Comte de Buffon) tried to measure the age of the earth. He calculated the time it would take the pla to cool based on the cooling rates of iron balls and came up with 75,000 years. During the 18th century, James Hutton argued that processes such as erosion, ourring at observed rates, indicated an earth that was immeasurably old. By the early 19th century, geologists monly spoke in terms of "millions of years." Even religious professors, such as English clergyman and geologist William Buckland, referred to this length of time.
Other means for calculating the age of the earth used in the 19th century included determining how long it would take the sea to bee salty and calculating how long it would take for thick piles of sediment to aumulate. Irish physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) returned to Buffon's method and calculated that the earth was no more than 100 million years old. Meanwhile, Charles Darwin and others argued that evolution proceeded slowly enough that it required at least hundreds of millions of years.
With the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 by French physicist Henri Becquerel, scientists, such as British physicist Ernest Rutherford and American radiochemist Bertram Bolood, recognized that the ages of minerals and rocks could be determined by radiometric dating. By the early 20th century, Bolood had dated some rocks to be more than 2 billion years old. During this time, English geologist Arthur Holmes began a long career of refining the dates on the geologic time scale, a practice that continues to this day.
G Theory of Continental Drift
In 1910 American geologist Frank B. Taylor proposed that lateral (sideways) motion of continents caused mountain belts to form on their front edges. Building on this idea in 1912, German meteorologist Alfred Wegener proposed a theory that came to be known as Continental Drift: He proposed that the continents had moved and were once part of one, large supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener was attempting to explain the origin of continents and oceans when he expanded upon Taylor’s idea. His evidence included the shapes of continents, the physics of ocean crust, the distribution of fossils, and paleoclimatology data.
Continental drift helped to explain a major geologic issue of the 19th century: the origin of mountains. Theories monly called on the cooling and contracting of the earth to form mountain chains. The mountain-building theories of German geo

什么是历史地理学？历史地理学的性质是什么

历史地理学或历史地理是研究在历史发展中地理环境及其演变规律的学科。基本上历史地理是把地理学加上时间影晌的因素，所以它是地理学的分支学科，又与沿革地理研究有密不可分的关系。历史地理学的研究内容曾长期局限于研究历史人文地理。三大体系：历史自然地理学：研究历史时期自然地理环境的变化及其规律，例如：历史气候研究。
历史人文地理学：研究历史时期人文地理环境的变化及其规律
区域历史地理学：中国历史地理学历史地图

历史地理学的著名学者，有哪些关于历史地理学的著作

地理：《水经注》、《水经注疏》、《治水论》、《名川大河集》,徐霞客游记.历史：《史纪》《中国通史》《上下五千年》还有很多明史、清史等著望采纳!
徐霞客（1587年1月5日—1641年3月8日）,字振之,号霞客,汉族,明朝南直隶江阴（今江苏江阴市）人.著名的地理学家、旅行家和探险家,中国地理名著《徐霞客游记》的作者.
裴秀（224—271年）,字季彦.河东闻喜（今山西省闻喜县）人.魏晋时期大臣、学者.开创了中国古代地图绘制学.李约瑟称他为“中国科学制图学之父”,与欧洲古希腊著名地图学家托勒密齐名,是世界古代地图学史上东西辉映的两颗灿烂明星.
郦道元（约470—527）,字善长.汉族,范阳涿州（今河北涿州）人.北朝北魏地理学家、散文家在漫长的中世纪,西方世界正处在基督教会统治的黑暗时代,全欧洲在地理学界都找不出一位杰出的学者.东方的郦道元留下了不朽的地理巨著《水经注》四十卷,不仅开创了我国古代“写实地理学”的历史,而且在世界地理学发展史上也占有重要的地位,不愧为中世纪最伟大的世界级地理学家.
胡焕庸（1901—1998）,字肖堂,江苏宜兴人.地理学家、地理教育家.他引进西方近代地理学理论和方法,从人地关系的角度研究我国人口问题和农业问题.提出中国人口的地域分布 以瑷珲―腾冲一线为界而划分为东南与西北两大基本差异区；并首次提出中国农业区划方案.是我国近代人文地理学、自然地理学的重要奠基人.他在培养地理人才,创建研究机构、学术团体、学术刊物等方面都做出了重要贡献.

我要关于“历史地理学”方面的论文！

长城
分析长城的历史作用：个人认为错误的决策，花费了巨大的人力物力，抵御游牧民族的作用并不大，就像法国的马奇诺防线。维护国家利益要靠强大的军队而不是防御性设施。
地理作用：是中国你农耕和游牧民族的分界线，决定了中国的经济结构与民族格局。
:baike.baidu./view/2203.?wtp=tt

历史地理学需要去看哪些著作

先看基础的吧，如历史地理学读本，中国地理大发现，中国区域历史地理中国历史地理概述中国历史地理中国历史地理概论中国历史地理五十年这都是基础的

历史地理学如何考研

答:历史地理方向 大概招历史学硕士的学校里面一半的学校都有招收 具体去查看报考院校招生简章
比较传统的 实力比较好的如 陕西师大 西南大学 暨南大学 复旦大学 北京大学 武汉大学 厦门大学 四川大学 中国海洋大学 人大等
考试范围要去查看各学校官方网站的招生简章 每个学校考法不一样
厦大这个 按照你给的情况 考试范围是 中国史+世界史 考历史学通史

三本有历史地理学吗?

如果你说的是科研类的历史地理学，历史学，地理学，三本都没有。这类专业基本只有一本的才比较好。