怎么样的英文 我想要一篇关于 纽约 介绍的英文文章

我想要一篇关于 纽约 介绍的英文文章  

我想要一篇关于 纽约 介绍的英文文章

I 对不起,选的文章长了点.但是介绍纽约只能是长的.
Introduction
New York (city), the largest city in the United States, the home of the United Nations, and the center of global finance, munications, and business. New York City is unusual among cities because of its high residential density, its extraordinarily diverse population, its hundreds of tall office and apartment buildings, its thriving central business district, its extensive public transportation system, and its more than 400 distinct neighborhoods. The city’s concert houses, museums, galleries, and theaters constitute an ensemble of cultural richness rivaled by few cities. In 2000 the population of the city of New York was 8,008,278; the population of the metropolitan region was 21,199,865.
Located in the southeastern part of New York State just east of northern New Jersey, the city developed at the point where the Hudson and Passaic rivers mingle with the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound. The harbor consists of the Upper Bay (an arm of the Atlantic Ocean) as well as the East River and the various waterways that border the city. Its harbor is one of the largest and finest in the world and is ice-free in all seasons.
New York has a temperate climate with annual precipitation of 1,200 mm (47 in) per year. The temperature ranges beeen 41°C (106° F) and –24° C (–11° F), but the Atlantic Ocean tends to moderate weather extremes in the city. It is about the same latitude as Naples, Italy. Although the Dutch founded the city in 1624 and called it Fort Amsterdam and then New Amsterdam, the English captured the settlement in 1664 and renamed it New York, after the Duke of York, who later became James II of England.
II
New York City and Its Metropolitan Area
Unlike most American cities, which make up only a part of a particular county, New York is made up of five separate counties, which are called boroughs. Originally the city included only the borough of Manhattan, located on an island beeen the Hudson and East rivers. In 1898 a number of surrounding munities were incorporated into the city as the boroughs of Queens, Brooklyn, the Bronx and Staten Island. The Bronx is the only borough on the mainland of the United States. Manhattan and Staten Island are surrounded by water, while Queens and Brooklyn are part of Long Island.
A
Queens
Queens is the largest of the five boroughs. Covering 282.9 sq km (109.2 sq mi) at the western end of Long Island, Queens is separated from Brooklyn by Newtown Creek and from the rest of the city by the East River and Long Island Sound. It stretches to the Atlantic Ocean on the south and borders Nassau County on the east. It is overwhelmingly residential and is probably one of the most ethnically diverse munities in the world. In 2000 Queens had 2,229,379 residents and was second in population only to Brooklyn among the five boroughs.
The neighborhoods of Queens have a strong sense of individual identity. Some are heavily industrial, like Long Island City, Maspeth, and College Point; others—like Douglaston, Forest Hill Gardens, and Kew Gardens—are suburban-style enclaves of the well-to-do. Major ethnic concentrations include the Greeks in Astoria; the Irish in Woodside; the Italians in Maspeth and Ridgewood; African-Americans in Hollis, Cambria Heights, St. Albans, and South Jamaica; and Jews in Forest Hills. Large numbers of Chinese and Koreans live in Queens, with particularly heavy concentrations in Flushing, Jackson Heights, Corona, and Elmhurst.
Queens is the home of Shea Stadium, Aqueduct Racetrack, the National Tennis Center, and both LaGuardia and John F. Kennedy airports. Queens hosted the World’s Fairs of 1939 and 1964. Queens has more than 6,400 acres of parkland, almost as much as the other four boroughs bined, and it has 16 km (10 mi) of beaches along the Atlantic Ocean. Queens is known for its numerous and enormous cemeteries. For example, Calvary Cemetery is the burial site of 2.5 million persons, more than any other burial ground in the United States.
B
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is the second largest and most populous of the five boroughs. It is located on the southwestern tip of Long Island west of Queens and situated across the Upper Bay and the East River from Manhattan. The borough has a land area of 182.9 sq km (70.6 sq mi). Brooklyn had 2,465,326 residents in 2000, more than any other U.S. city, with the exception of the entire city of New York and the cities of Los Angeles and Chicago. Indeed, as a separate municipality before 1898, it was the third largest city in the United States.
Brooklyn retains a strong separate identity. It has an important central business district and dozens of varied and clearly identifiable neighborhoods, including Bedford-Stuyvesant, the largest black munity in the United States, and Williamsburg, Crown Heights, and Borough Park, all of which have large populations of Orthodox Jews.
Brooklyn is the home of such major cultural institutions as the Brooklyn Museum, the Brooklyn Academy of Music, and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Coney Island is well known for its beaches and amusement parks. Prospect Park, a landscaped area of broad drives and wooded hills, contains a restored carousel dating from 1912 and the Lefferts Homestead, a Dutch colonial farmhouse dating from 1783.
C
Staten Island
Staten Island is the third largest and least populous of the five boroughs. It is located at the juncture of Upper New York Bay and Lower New York Bay. The island is physically closer to New Jersey, to which it is connected by three bridges, than to the rest of New York City, to which it is connected only by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and the world-famous Staten Island Ferry. Staten Island enpasses 151.5 sq km (58.5 sq mi). The southernmost of the five boroughs, Staten Island had 443,728 inhabitants in 2000, or about 5 percent of the population of the entire city.
Overwhelmingly white, Staten Island has dozens of distinct neighborhoods or towns, and it has the highest proportion of single-family housing and owner-oupied housing in the city. Staten Island has many homes dating from the 17th and 18th centuries. Of special interest are the Conference House (1680), where futile peace negotiations were held beeen the British and American representatives in 1776 during the American Revolution (1775-1783), and the Voorlezer’s House (1695), the nation’s oldest surviving elementary school building.
Other attractions include the Jacques Marchais Center of Tibetan Art and the Staten Island Zoo. A memorial to Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi, who lived on Staten Island in the 1850s, is located in the borough.
D
The Bronx
The Bronx is the fourth largest and the northernmost of the five boroughs, and the only one on the American mainland. Even so, it is surrounded by water on three sides: Long Island Sound on the east, the Harlem and East rivers on the south, and Hudson River on the west. Enpassing 109 sq km (42 sq mi), it had 1,332,650 inhabitants in 2000.
Largely residential, the Bronx includes dozens of vibrant neighborhoods. Fieldston is particularly elegant, with great stone houses set among spacious lawns and privately-maintained streets, while Belmont has bee the city’s most authentically Italian section. The areas along Pelham Parkway and the northern reaches of the Grand Concourse are particularly prized, because the apartment buildings are well kept and the public parks are easily aessible. City Island retains the charm of a small fishing village.
Parts of the Bronx, however, fell victim to decay and abandonment, especially beeen 1970 and 1980, when the population of the borough fell by 20 percent. The low point ourred in 1976, when future U.S. president Jimmy Carter pared the South Bronx to the bombed-out German city of Dresden after World War II (1939-1945). Since 1980 the process has again reversed and self-help groups have begun to rehabilitate most of the most devastated blocks.
The borough’s many attractions include the world-famous Bronx Zoo, Yankee Stadium, and the New York Botanical Garden. The Bronx also includes o of the largest middle-ine housing projects in the United States. Parkchester, built beeen 1938 and 1942 for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, houses 40,000 people in apartment buildings arranged along well-planned circular drives. Co-op City is even larger, with 35 apartment towers, 236 townhouses, and more than 50,000 residents. Built beeen 1968 and 1970 on marshland near the Hutchinson River Parkway, it is the largest single housing plex in the nation.
E
Manhattan
Manhattan, or New York County, is the smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough consists principally of the island of Manhattan, but also includes Governors Island, Randalls Island, Wards Island, Roosevelt Island, U Thant Island, and Marble Hill, a small enclave on the edge of the Bronx mainland. Its land area is 59.5 sq km (23 sq mi). Manhattan’s population peaked in 1910 with 2.3 million people, after which it began a slow decline to 1.4 million in 1980. Since then, the population has again begun to increase, reaching 1,537,195 in 2000.
Manhattan is the glittering heart of the metropolis. It is the site of virtually all of the hundreds of skyscrapers that are the symbol of the city. Among the more famous of these are the Empire State Building (1931), the Chrysler Building (1930), and Citicorp Center (1977). (The 110-story in towers of the World Trade Center were also among New York's famous skyscrapers until they were destroyed in a terrorist attack in 2001.) Manhattan is also the oldest, densest, and most built-up part of the entire urbanized region.
Other noteworthy buildings include City Hall (1802-1811), a Federal-style building with French Renaissance detail; the Seagram Building (1958), an office tower clad in bronze and bronze-colored glass; and Grant’s Tomb (1897), the tomb of President Ulysses S. Grant and his wife. Notable religious structures include Saint Patrick’s Cathedral (1879), the seat of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of New York and the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine (begun 1892), the largest Gothic-style cathedral in the world.
Manhattan is the center of New York’s cultural life. Numerous stage and motion picture theaters are located around Broadway in Midtown, which includes Times Square. The borough is the home of prominent music and dance anizations, such as the New York City Opera Company, the Metropolitan Opera Association, the Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York, American Ballet Theatre, and the New York City Ballet.
III
Population and Area
New York City has long been unusual because of its sheer size. Even before 1775, when its population was never more than 25,000, it ranked among the five leading cities in the colonies. It surpassed Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by 1810 to bee the largest city in the United States, and in 1830 it passed Mexico City, Mexico, to bee the largest in the western hemisphere. By 1930 it was the largest city in the world. In the 1980s the metro region was surpassed in total size by Tokyo, Japan; Mexico City; and São Paolo, Brazil. Yet with 21.2 million people, the New York City region remains an urban agglomeration of almost unimaginable size. For example, in 2003, when the population of the city itself was 8.1 million, each of its five boroughs was large enough to have been an important city in its own right, with populations exceeding those of many major U.S. cities.
The five boroughs of New York City together cover 786 sq km (303 sq mi). The urbanized area, however, includes 28 adjacent counties in New York state, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Together, they make up the New York metropolitan region, which in 2000 housed about 8 percent of the national population on about 0.2 percent of the land area of the contiguous 48 states. Moreover, New York stands at the center of the urbanized northeastern seaboard, which contained about 60 million people in the late 1990s.
New York has been among the most ethnically diverse cities in the world since the 1640s, when fewer than 1,000 total residents spoke more than 15 languages. Beeen 1880 and 1919, more than 23 million Europeans immigrated to the United States. At least 17 million of them disembarked in New York. No one knows how many remained there, but as early as 1880, more than half the city’s working population was foreign-born, providing New York with the largest immigrant labor force on earth.
Half a century later, the city still contained 2 million foreign-born residents (including 517,000 Russians and 430,000 Italians) and an even larger number of persons of foreign parentage. And at the end of the 20th century, the pattern remained the same. In 1996 the U.S. Census Bureau reported that more than 11 out of every 20 New Yorkers were immigrants or the children of immigrants. Nearly half of all Bronx residents and one-third of Manhattan’s were Hispanic and nearly one-fifth of the population of Queens was Asian-American. Researchers estimated that immigrants would make up about 33 percent of the city’s population in 2000, approaching the 20th-century peak of about 40 percent, reached in 1910.
Meanwhile, the black proportion of the New York population, which reached 20 percent in the colonial period and declined to less than 2 percent in the 1870s, began a slow rise thereafter. Aording to the 2000 census, whites make up 44.7 percent of the city’s population; blacks, 26.6 percent; Asians, 9.8 percent; Native Americans, 0.5 percent; Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, 0.1 percent; and people of mixed heritage or not reporting race, 18.3 percent. Hispanics, who may be of any race, are 27 percent of the population. By the late 1990s, more than 120 languages were spoken in the city’s schools, and there were dozens of ethnic churches, political anizations, cultural festivals, and parades, as well as scores of foreign-language newspapers, magazines, and television and radio stations. Although rivalries among the various groups could be intense, the very diversity of the city permitted immigrants to mingle more easily than in most other parts of the nation.
IV
Culture and Education
Because of its huge size, its concentrated wealth, and its mixture of people from around the world, New York City offers its residents and visitors a staggering array of cultural riches and educational opportunities. The city is the world’s leading center for performing arts and its museums contain a wide range of artistic and historical subjects. A mixture of cultures from around the world is reflected in the street festivals and ethnic celebrations that take place year-round. In addition, more than 100 institutions of higher education operate in New York City, including some of the nation’s more prestigious centers of learning.
:encarta.msn./encyclopedia_761576416/New_York_(city).

我想要一篇关于个人介绍的英文小文章

Aristotle,384–322 B.C., Greek philosopher, b. Stagira. He is sometimes called the Stagirite.
WorksAristotle's extant writings consist largely of his written versions of his lectures; some passages appear to be interpolations of notes made by his students; the texts were edited and given their present form by Andronicus of Rhodes in the 1st cent. B.C. Chief among them are the Organum, consisting of six treatises on logic; Physics; Metaphysics; De Anima [on the soul]; Niachean Ethics and Eudemian Ethics; De Poetica [poetics]; Rhetoric; and a series of works on biology and physics. In the late 19th cent. his Constitution of Athens, an aount of Athenian government, was found.

我想要一篇关于写“气”的文章

正气之歌
正气就是在任何情况下都要坚持自己的观点，相信自己的看法。正气就像是人生的一面旗帜，它无时无刻都飘扬在我心中陪伴我经理了许许多多的风风雨雨；正气又像是一盏明灯告诉我在邪恶势力面前不要害怕不要退缩，要坚守自己的权宜，勇敢的表达自己的信仰。
记得有一天，我和妈妈来到春熙路逛商场，商场的人可真多啊！正到我和妈妈逛的尽兴时，突然我看见一个衣冠楚楚的小伙子正把罪恶的手慢慢地伸进旁边阿姨的皮包里准备偷钱。看见小偷偷钱，这是我害怕了犹豫了，心想：我是告诉阿姨还是不告诉呢，告诉阿姨又怕小偷报复我。不告诉呢我的良心会受到谴责。但转眼间又一想作为一名少先队员应该弘扬正气，见义勇为，还是告诉那位阿姨吧。于是我鼓起勇气大声吼道：“阿姨有人在偷钱包！”阿姨听了，立马转过身来看了看小偷非常憎恨地说：“唉，你才凶呢，大白天那么多人你都敢偷东西，幸好这位小妹及时提醒我，我的钱包才没有被你偷走。”周围的人听到了我这么一喊都围了过来并向我投来了赞许的目光。只听我旁边的一位叔叔说：“这位小姑娘真诚实，真有正气，真勇敢，象这样敢站出来指正小偷的人太少了。”另一个老婆婆接着说：“就是这个小姑娘真了不起，我们都应该向她学习。”我听了他们的话，心里是多么自豪啊！
是啊！在邪恶势力面前不要害怕恶人，恶人的内心深处是很空虚的。恶人在干坏事时内心一定会听到这种可怕的声音：我是一个卑污者，是一个戴“假面具”的人。但一个内心充满正气的人，因为有正义公理作为后盾，所以能够毫不畏惧得面对邪恶。正气会让人变得强大而高贵。以后我不管遇到再可怕的事都要勇于的站出来说话，坚持自己的看法。
正气这面旗帜，永远在我心中飘扬！

我要一篇关于植物介绍的文章

Flowers
Flowers are one of the most beautiful things that God has made.They e in many colours - like red,pink,yellow,white,orange and purple.
Some flowers like the sunflower and dahlia are big,while some like the phlox and morning glory are small.Most flowers have a sweet smell.I like the smell of rose and jasmine very much.
Flowers add colour and beauty to our lives.In the winter,gardens and parks are full of different coloured flowers.Even during the dull summer months flowers like gulmohar and amaltas add colour to the streets.
There are many flowers in my garden.I love to smell them and touch their soft petals.I never pluck them - mummy says it is wrong to do so .
Go with Green First, let`s talk about the importance of green plants. Green plants, through the photosynthesis turn solar energy into bio-energy? And environment to constitute the anic matter of the plant. The green plant is the foundation of energy transformation and material circulation of the earth biosphere and it is the direct source of materials and energy needed in the existence and development of human beings and other living things. Therefore, to maintain the each ecosystem, improve the living environment of human beings and guarantee the continuous development of the earth. We should conserve the natural green plants and make them reasonable. The reduction of the green plant deteriorates the environment, causes mere drought, storms, and serious soil erosion and make the greenhouse effect a mere serious problem. Protecting the green plant has been one of the mon, concerns over the world. The tragedies cased by the destruction of the forest are not rarely seen, now and before. The plain of Mesopotamia once conceived the brilliant Babylon cult we in ancient times. Garden of Eden in the myth was a good illustration of this paradise on the earth, but it became a barren land because of the early, inhabitants reckless destruction of the forests in the air with the virus, lower the thick degree of harmful to leave regulate people`s promote the blood circulation, improve myocardial function, urge the human body metabolism, and in crease the immunity function, now each hospital may be full. If the green plant has not a certain reflective wave produces a function that lower a strength, now maybe many are living in a silent world. The plant has not only these functions above but can restrict headwaters while raining and keep the water and soil. Through the evaporation function it can increase the humidity in the air which is beneficial for the rainfall. Some green plants for example, forest can still obviously lower the wind velocity and make the farm crop evaporate to reduce slow, the degree of humidity in crease, and improve the small weather of farmland, and validate to prevent farm crop from suffering the sandstorm, dry bane, ground to resist the farmland to suffer the desert invade to swallow. The forest also is the habitat of many creatures, especially the rare animals. They are indispensable in the maintenance of the equilibrium of the ecosystem. Besides, green plant has the important meaning in the beautifying environment protecting and improving city environment. The above are mon sense, as senior high school students, we definitely know them, how about us? We, however, did not treat them kindly, how can we fet the flood in the year of 1998? Didn`t we discover that it was the revenge on mankind for this selfishness! Can`t you remain indifferent to the denudation? If you think I`m talking dogma, but please think it over, in severed years, when you find your descendants take pains to obtain enough air and water, what will you feel? Then you begin to regret isn`t it too late? Wow, the deserts are swallowing human`s "rice bowls"--Isn`t it frightening? Isn`t the global soil erosion just like human "blood" drained to the sea? The lands are desert zed, "rice bowls" sweltered, "blood" drained can human beings still survive on the earth? Can human civilization continue? Will the history of mankind be ruined in our hand? Are we willing to be condemned throughout the ages? The answer is "no" "absolutely no", we can`t let the tragedy our, we will continue to keep the ecological balance, to plant trees to make the earth more beautiful. Tianshan Middle School

求一篇关于介绍 红枣 的英文文章？

Description
It is a small deciduous tree or shrub reaching a height of 5–10 metres (16–33 ft), usually with thorny branches. The leaves are shiny-green, ovate-acute, 2–7 centimetres (0.79–2.8 in) wide and 1–3 centimetres (0.39–1.2 in) broad, with three conspicuous veins at the base, and a finely toothed margin. The flowers are small, 5 millimetres (0.20 in) wide, with five inconspicuous yellowish-green petals. The fruit is an edible ovaldrupe 1.5–3 centimetres (0.59–1.2 in) deep; when immature it is smooth-green, with the consistency and taste of an apple, maturing brown to purplish-black and eventually wrinkled, looking like a small date. There is a single hard stone similar to an olive stone.
Distribution
Its precise natural distribution is uncertain due to extensive cultivation, but is thought to be in southernAsia, beeen Lebanon, Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal (called as Bayar), the Korean peninsula, and southern and central China, and also southeastern Europe though more likely introduced there.This plant has been introduced in Madagascar and grows as an invasive species in the western part of this island.
Nomenclature
The species has a curious nomenclatural history, due to a bination of botanical naming regulations, and variations in spelling. It was first described scientifically by Carolus Linnaeus as Rhamnus zizyphus, in Species Plantarum in 1753. Later, in 1768, Philip Miller concluded it was sufficiently distinct from Rhamnus to merit separation into a new genus, in which he named it Ziziphus jujube, using Linnaeus' species name for the genus but with a probably aidental single letter spelling difference, 'i' for 'y'; for the species name he used a different name, as tautonyms (repetition of exactly the same name in the genus and species) are not permitted in botanical naming. However, because of Miller's slightly different spelling, the bination correctly using the earliest species name (from Linnaeus) with the new genus, Ziziphus zizyphus, is not a tautonym, and was therefore permitted as a botanical name; this bination was made by Hermann Karsten in 1882.] In 2006, a proposal was made to suppress the name Ziziphus zizyphusin favor of Zizyphus jujuba, and this proposal was aepted in 2011. Ziziphus jujuba is thus the correct scientific name for this species.
Cultivation and uses
Jujube was domesticated in South Asia by 9000 BCE. Over 400 cultivars have been selected.
The tree tolerates a wide range of temperatures and rainfall, though it requires hot summers and sufficient water for aeptable fruiting. Unlike most of the other species in the genus, it tolerates fairly cold winters, surviving temperatures down to about −15 °C (5 °F). This enables the jujube to grow in mountain or desert habitats, provided there is aess to underground water through the summer. The species Ziziphus jujuba grows in cooler regions of Asia. Five or more other species of Ziziphus are widely distributed in milder climates to hot deserts of Asia and Africa.
In Madagascar, jujube trees grow everywhere in the western part of the island, from the north all the way to the south. It is widely eaten by free ranging zebus, and its seeds grow easily in zebu's feces. It is an invasive species, threatening mostly protected areas.
参考资料：Wikipedia
希望能够帮到您，望采纳~！祝您成功！

求一篇关于WAP介绍的英文文章，字数在4000字左右

WAP is an open global standard for munication beeen a mobile handset and the Inter or other puter applications, defined by the WAP forum (:wapforum.). WAP-based technology enables the design of advanced, interactive and real-time mobile services, such as mobile banking or Inter based news services, which can be used in digital mobile phones or other mobile devices. The WAP specification enables solutions from various suppliers to work consistently for end-users on the digital neorks.

WAP creates new business opportunities for corporations by providing a new channel for existing services and the possibility for totally new services that can reach customers 24 hours a day wherever they are. Since WAP is an open protocol for wireless messaging, it provides the same technology to all vendors regardless of the neork system. This means that there will be WAP pliant terminals from several manufacturers. Also the server technology is open, so operators and panies can select from a wide range of products. The mon standard offers economies of scale, encouraging manufacturers, application developers and content providers to invest in developing WAP patible products.
Companies can benefit from WAP by offering end-users new mobile services that make everyday life much more convenient and are

easily aessed by a mobile phone. The telemunications industry avoids overlapping costs and investments thanks to the mon, open platform and tool for wireless messaging. Operators can differentiate themselves by launching new and intriguing services. Developers and content providers are able to aess all protocols and carriers with one product.
Key WAP application categories include:
Wireless aess to personal information: Wireless device users can aess their e-mail, calendars, 'to do' lists, and even screen text headers for their voice mail messages.
Wireless aess to Inter content: Consumers benefit from immediate interactive aess to the information they need at that moment.
Wireless aess to Corporate IT-systems (origin servers) and Extras. Corporations can offer new channels for their services and also create totally new services for their mobile customers.
Intelligent Telephony Services: Carriers can offer their customers secure aess to their personal and other customer-related information.
The WAP protocol is being developed into WAP version 2.0, enhanced further by the increasing number of new WAP Forum members. WAP will be based on the latest existing technologies and the protocol aims to support them as quickly as possible. Market feedback will heavily influence future development.

求一篇关于介绍陶瓷的英文文章！

"陶瓷"是一种通称,"陶"和"瓷"在质地上、物理效能上有很大区别。中国是最早制造陶器的国家之一,是最早发明瓷器的国家。
陶器的出现大约在距今1万年左右,中国进入新石器时代,开始了定居生活,盛水、蓄物等日常生活的需要,促使了陶器的发明。中国陶器的分布比较广泛,主要集中的在黄河流域和长江流域。其中仰韶文化是新石器时期比较有代表性的文化型别,以彩陶为特点,也称"彩陶文化",它派生出半坡和庙底沟两个型别,装饰图案有很高的艺术价值。马家窑文化是新石器晚期的文化型别,比仰韶文化略晚,距今约5000年。黑陶是继彩陶之后的又一伟大创造发明,距今约4000年的龙山文化时期,出现了工艺独特的蛋壳陶。近些年来,山东、河北一带多有仿制,有较高的收藏价值。秦汉时期的陶俑,是我国古代人物雕塑的高峰,使制陶技术和艺术达到了很高的境地。此外,唐代的三彩器、明清两代的紫砂器等,都是中国陶器文物的重要内容,很值得深入收藏和研究。
陶瓷(Ceramics),陶器和瓷器的总称。陶瓷的传统概念是指所有以粘土等无机非金属矿物为原料的人工工业产品。它包括由粘土或含有粘土的混合物经混炼,成形,煅烧而制成的各种制品。由最粗糙的土器到最精细的精陶和瓷器都属于它的范围。对于它的主要原料是取之于自然界的矽酸盐矿物(如粘土、长石、石英等),因此与玻璃、水泥、搪瓷、耐火材料等工业,同属于"矽酸盐工业"(Silicate Industry)的范畴。
陶瓷的发展史是中华文明史的一个重要的组成部分,中国作为四大文明古国之一,为人类社会的进步和发展做出了卓越的贡献,其中陶瓷的发明和发展更具有独特的意义,中国历史上各朝各代不同艺术风格和不同技术特点。英文中的"china"既有中国的意思,又有陶瓷的意思,清楚地表明了中国就是"陶瓷的故乡"。changaiyin
早在欧洲人掌握瓷器制造技术一千多年前,中国人就已经制造出很精美的陶瓷器。中国是世界上最早应用陶器的国家之一,而中国瓷器因其极高的实用性和艺术性而备受世人的推崇。
所谓陶器和瓷器是指用可塑性制瓷粘土和瓷石矿做胎体,用长石和石英等原料制釉,并且通过成型、干燥、烧制而成的制品,主要有日用、艺术、和建筑陶器等三种。考古发现已经证明中国人早在新石器时代(约公元前8000)就发明了陶器。原始社会晚期出现的农业生产使中国人的祖先过上了比较固定的生活,客观上对陶器有了需求。人们为了提高生活的方便,提高生活质量,逐渐通过烧制粘土烧制出了陶器。
随着近代科学技术的发展,近百年来又出现了许多新的陶瓷品种。它们不再使用或很少使用粘土、长石、石英等传统陶瓷原料,而是使用其他特殊原料,甚至扩大到非矽酸盐,非氧化物的范围,并且出现了许多新的工艺。美国和欧洲一些国家的文献已将"Ceramic"一词理解为各种无机非金属固体材料的通称。因此陶瓷的含义实际上已远远超越过去狭窄的传统观念了。
迄今为止,陶瓷器的界说似可概括地作如下描述:陶瓷是用铝矽酸盐矿物或某些氧化物等为主要原料,依照人的意图通过特定的物理化学工艺在高温下以一定的温度和气氛制成的具有一定型式的工艺岩石。表面可施釉或不施釉,若干瓷质还具有不同程度的半透明度,通体是由一种或多种晶体或与无定形胶结物及气孔或与熟料包裹体等微观结构组成。
陶瓷工业是矽酸盐工业的主要分支之一,属于无机化学工业范围.但现代科学高度综合,互相渗透,从整个陶瓷工业制造工艺的内容来分析,它的错综复杂与牵涉之广,显然不是仅用无机化学的理论所能概括的。
陶瓷制品的品种繁多,它们之间的化学成分.矿物组成,物理性质,以及制造方法,常常互相接近交错,无明显的界限,而在应用上却有很大的区别。因此很难硬性地归纳为几个系统,详细的分类法各家说法不一,到现在国际上还没有一个统一的分类方法。
"Ceramic" is a generic term, "Tao" and "Porcelain" in texture, the physical properties there are very different. China was among the first to create one of the countries of pottery, porcelain was one of the first invention.
The emergence of pottery dating back about 1 million years or so, China has entered the New Stone Age, began to settle in life, water, with objects of daily life, such as the need to promote the invention of pottery. Chinese pottery wider distribution, mainly in the Yangtze River and Yellow River Basin. Yangshao culture which is the New Stone Age culture more representative of the type, characterized by painted pottery, also known as the "painted pottery culture", which derived Banpo and Miao Digou o types of decorative patterns, has high artistic value. Majiayao culture is the culture of the late New Stone Age type than a little late Yangshao culture, since about 5000. Black painted pottery is the second after another great invention, since about 4000 the Longshan Culture period, there has been a unique process of eggshell pottery. In recent years, Shandong, Hebei and more in the vicinity of imitation, there is a high value for collection. Qin and Han Dynasty pottery figurine of China's ancient sculpture of the peak figure, so that the ceramic technology and the arts reached a high position. In addition, three of the color of the Tang Dynasty, the Ming and Qing dynasties such as Yixing, China is an important aspect of pottery relics, it is worthy of collection and research.
Ceramics (Ceramics), the general term for pottery and porcelain. Ceramic refers to the traditional concept of all inanic non-metallic minerals such as clay as raw material of artificial industrial products. It consists of clay from or containing a mixture of clay by kneading, molding, and calcined made of a variety of products. By the most rough-earth to the most refined of the fine pottery and porcelain are it. For its main raw materials are derived from natural silicate minerals (such as clay, feldspar, quartz, etc.), and glass, cement, ceramic, refractory material, such as industry, with an "industrial silicate" (Silicate Industry ) Area.
The history of ceramics is the history of Chinese civilization is an important part of China, as one of the four ancient civilizations, human development and social progress made outstanding contributions, including the invention of ceramics and the development of a more unique significance , The history of China-North Korea on behalf of all the different artistic styles and different technical characteristics. English of "china" China not only mean, ceramics and mean, clearly demonstrates China is the "hometown of pottery." changaiyin
As early as the Europeans have porcelain manufacturing technology over 1000 years ago, Chinese people have created a very fine ceramics. China is the world's first application of one of the countries pottery, and porcelain from China for its high artistic quality and relevance of the world have attracted much praise.
The so-called pottery and porcelain refers to the use of plastic ware and porcelain clay quarry to do matrix, quartz and feldspar, and other raw materials-glaze, and through the forming, drying, firing from the products, mainly for daily use, art, and architecture Three pottery. Archaeological discoveries have proved that the Chinese people as early as the Neolithic Age (about 8000 BC) invented pottery. The emergence of primitive society with advanced agricultural production so that the ancestors of the Chinese people lead a life of a relatively fixed, the objective of pottery with the demand. In order to improve people's lives easier, improve the quality of life, gradually burn through the burning out of the clay pottery.
With the development of modern science and technology, and the past 100 years there have been many new varieties of ceramics. They no longer use or the use of small clay, feldspar, quartz and other traditional ceramic materials, but the use of other special materials, and even extended to non-silicate, non-oxide scope, and there have been a lot of new technology. The United States and some European countries have literature "Ceramic" understanding of the term for a variety of solid inanic non-metallic materials known. Therefore, the meaning of ceramics in fact go far beyond the traditional concept in the past the narrow.
To date, the Definition of ceramics may be generally described as follows: The ceramic is aluminum silicate minerals such as oxides or as the main raw material, in aordance with the intention of people through specific physical and chemical processes at a high temperature to a certain degree of Temperature and atmosphere made of a certain type of rock technology. Glazing may be on the surface or glazing, porcelain has a number of different levels of transparency and a half, the species by one or more of the crystal and amorphous or cement and clinker with pores or inclusions, such as micro-structure.
Portland ceramic industry is one of the main branches of industry, belong to the scope of inanic chemical industry. However, modern science and highly integrated with each other to infiltrate from the ceramic industry as a whole manufacturing process to analyze the contents of its plex and involve wide, is not only Using the theory of inanic chemistry can be summarized.
A wide variety of ceramic products, their chemical position. Mineral position, physical properties, as well as manufacturing methods, often close to each other staggered, no boundaries, and in the application there is a huge difference. Therefore, it is difficult to be summed up in a few hard and fast system, a detailed classification of the various different view, the international munity to now there is no uniform classification.

我想要一篇关于重庆火锅的介绍（英文版的）

Chongqing Hot Pot:
Hot pot - is the most famous and favorite dish in Chongqing. Chongqing local people consider the hot pot a local specialty, which is noted for its peppery and hot taste, scalding yet fresh and tender. People gather around a small pot boiled with charcoal, electric or gas filled with flavorful and nutritious soup base. You have a choice of spicy, pure and bo for the soup base. Thin sliced raw variety meat, fish, various bean curd products and all kinds of vegetables are boiled in the soup base. You then dip them in a little bowl of special sauce. Be careful since the spicy soup base is burning hot.

First eaten by poor boatmen of the Yangtze River in Chongqing area and then spread wesards to the rest of Sichuan. Now is a very popular local flavor and can be found at every corner of the city. There are a great variety of hotpots, including Yueyang Hotpot, Four Tastes Hotpot, Yashan Hotpot and Fish Head Hotpot. If you are adventurous enough, you can basically cook anything with hot pot, e.g., pig's brain and duck's kidney.

Chongqing people love their hotpot, especially when the weather is steamy. The fire dances under the pot, the heavily oiled and spiced soup boils with hazy steam, and the people are bathed in sweat. Although hotpot can be found wherever there are street vendors or small restaurants, chongqing Hot pot has the greatest variety and is known for its delicious soup base and dipping sauce.
Chongqing Malatang:
The other famous local food is hot and spicy Mala Tang. Literally, "ma" means numbness in the mouth, "la" is chili hot and "tang" means piping hot. Mala Tang, with various raw ingredients cooked in a munal pot of steaming stock blended with spices, originated in Sichuan's largest city, Chongqing. The double-sided soup pot, placed on a central table burner, is the focal point of the meal. Powerfully hot Mala Tang soup and fresh tasting chicken broth, side by side, are popular. Ingredients include fresh sliced abalone, sea cucumber, hog tendon, Beijing cabbage and beef dumpling, prawns, carp fish fillet, bean curd, chicken fillet and vegetables. The excellent dipping mixture of sesame oil, chili sauce, peanut sauce, chopped chilies and garlic bine to make magic. Savory tidbits are appetizingly tasty - egg coated glutinous square, crispy spring roll, fried buns, eight treasure black rice and water chestnut jelly.

我想要一篇关于李连杰壹基金的英文介绍

Red Cross Society of China, "Jet Li One Foundation Project [1]" by the Chinese Red Cross "love ambassador" Jet Li started in the framework of the Chinese Red Cross Society of independent charitable programs and projects.
Launch time: April 19, 2007, Jet Li One Foundation Project was officially launched in Beijing
One Fund: 1 +1 per + per 1 month = 1 big family concept, that is, at least donate a dollar per person per month, a collection of everyone's power to make small contributions into large donations, ready to help extended family need help people.
The spirit of "humanity, fraternity and dedication" of the Red Cross spirit of adhering to the "global family" concept, is mitted to public dissemination of culture, and build public platform to promote the public welfare industries; the same time, to a variety of disasters and emergencies trauma suffered as much as possible to provide humanitarian assistance. Based on China, One Foundation is gradually grown into a brand of international public good