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自由社会买卖儿童的市场特别发达?

火烧 2011-02-15 00:00:00 网友时评 1025
文章探讨自由社会中买卖儿童市场的存在性,反驳自由主义观点,指出儿童权益受法律保护,以香港及欧美国家法律为例,强调禁止买卖儿童的必要性。

自由社会买卖儿童的市场特别发达?

2011年02月15日

来源:中国青年报 作者:欧克

 转发兔年春节,流浪、乞讨、买卖儿童的问题,引发热烈讨论。我们又有幸听到了奥地利学派市场原教旨主义中国信徒们雷死人不偿命的声音。在一篇题为《关于买卖儿童市场的国家垄断》的文章中,充满了这样的格言警句——

“买卖儿童使得亲生父母、儿童、购买儿童的养父母都得益,没有受害者,不需要什么人来禁止。”

“人的身体可以出租——受人雇佣而打工、演出、做广告、写文章,都是人对自己身体的出租行为。将孩子的抚养监护权出租给一个人,期限到孩子成年那一天,有什么不对呢?”

“买卖儿童,古已有之。古人不认为这是一种罪过。或许是因为买卖儿童符合自然法。因为儿童自己没有自身的全部所有权,直到他宣称自己拥有为止。如果儿童拥有自身的全部所有权,你就不可以强迫他做任何事,包括:起床、上学或洗澡。因为你不可强迫一个有全部所有权的人做任何事。”

“自由主义伦理的核心在于:不可强迫任何人。你,作为第三人,不可强迫孩子的父母养活孩子。如果孩子的父母拒绝养活他,你没有任何权利强迫他们做这件事情。同样地,作为和你地位相同的其他人——即使他们是整个社会所有其他的人——都没有权利强迫。”

“在一个自由的社会,会导致大量的孩子饿死吗?不会的。因为自由的社会,买卖孩子的市场会特别地发达。不被父母所需要的孩子可以很容易地被以或高或低的价格卖给——有时候是倒贴钱给——未来的养父母。禁止买卖孩子,才会导致不受父母喜爱的孩子的悲剧。”

人有买卖他人自由的自由吗?这首先不是一个书斋里的问题,而是一个大街上的问题。我不需要你理论上的教诲,只请你给我一个实践的样板:世界上有哪一个国家或地区是允许儿童自由买卖的?

香港一直被公认为全世界市场自由度最高的地区,最接近于奥地利学派的理论“乌托邦”。但在那里,别说买卖儿童了,父母带孩子乞讨都不行。闾丘露薇女士告诉我们这样一条新闻:“春节期间二名内地妇女来香港探亲,带着六岁的孩子乞讨,被热心市民向警方揭发,结果被判监禁三天,法官的理由,身为孩子的母亲以及外祖母,用增加收入的理由让孩子乞讨,没有尽到保护未成年人的义务,必须要承担法律后果。”

在欧美各国,从19世纪一直到现在,也都有限制流浪、乞讨的法律。即使在罗斯福新政之前、奥地利学派无限怀念的“完全自由放任”年代,也是如此。20世纪初期、堪称“自由主义天堂”的美国,因为以社会达尔文主义为基础的“优生学”一度猖獗,政府甚至曾大肆抓捕流浪者强制进行绝育手术!

最早倡导“儿童可以自由买卖”的学者,米塞斯的衣钵传人,美国政治活动家罗斯巴德,认为政府连拥有武装力量都是非法的,军队与警察应该由自由竞争的私人保安公司来取代。他从事的所有政治活动都以失败而告终。现在,他的主要著作都已在中国翻译出版,并且拥有了大批拥趸。看来还是中国人的胃抗造。全世界都没人敢吃的药,拿来给中国人尝鲜,你如果拒吃,就会被指责是“反市场”、“反自由”。

因为计划经济在中国曾经是一种“政治正确”,因为现实中还大量存在着过度、过量的政府行政干预,所以有些人就跑到另外一个极端去寻找理论武器,“以毒攻毒”。去年富士康事件后,写出上述文章的同一位青年学者就曾一语惊人,撰文《没有资本家,你连跳的楼都没有》。

两极相通。计划经济时代“忆苦思甜”,爱说旧社会穷人卖儿卖女、活不下去。现在又有人说,有卖儿卖女的自由那就对啦,活不下去你可以跳楼——看来,不把市场经济搞臭,他们誓不罢休。

过去,曾有人提出个很好的主意:给那些怀念计划经济、反对市场化改革的人们划一个“特区”,让他们在那里继续享受买东西排队、凭粮票布票吃饭穿衣、天天“七斗八斗”斗斗斗的“好日子”。现在看,也许还可以另外再划一个市场原教旨主义“特区”,也给另一些人“实验”自己理想的机会:没有政府,没有警察,没有社保,没有工会,物竞天择,适者生存,遇上大饥荒连“易子而食”都不必,因为任何交易都有成本,直接吃自己孩子好了。

附文:

【铅笔】关于买卖儿童市场的国家垄断

2011-02-08 02:44:55 来自: 布尔费墨(http://t.sina.com.cn/pourfemme)

关于买卖儿童市场的国家垄断
On State Monopoly of Child Trading Market

布尔费墨

市场交易的本质是什么?市场交易的本质是人与人的自愿合作。甲交给乙某物,乙交给甲某物,双方皆自愿,皆欢喜,为何要禁止?
What’s the essence of market? Market is voluntary cooperation of people. A gives something to B and B gives something to A. As long as they are voluntary and happy about the exchange, why prohibit them from doing this?

言必称“国家应当禁止……”的人,总是号称被某种抽象的“正义”附体。在一个没有受害者的行为中,哪里需要第三个人过来行使正义?没有人受害,就不存在不正义。买卖儿童使得亲生父母、儿童、购买儿童的养父母都得益,没有受害者,不需要什么人来禁止。
Those who always say “the state should prohibit …” are almost always possessed by some kind of abstract “justice”. If an action has no victim, why a third person’s execution of justice is needed? No victim, no injustice. Buying and selling children makes the natural parents, children and foster parents better off. There’s no victim. No prohibition is needed here.

世界上没有抽象的正义。没有一个“法律的尊严”值得去维护。法律需要维护人的尊严,人不需要维护法律的尊严。如果一个法官为了“法律的尊严”而侵犯人的尊严,那么这个法官就应该被受害者列入复仇的名单。禁止买卖儿童的恶法,就是这样的法律。
There’s no abstract “justice”. No “dignity of law” is worth fighting for. Law should be made for man’s dignity. Man does not need to sacrifice for law’s dignity. If a judge violates dignity of a man for “dignity of law”, he should be on the revenge list of the victim. The law prohibits people from trading children is lex injusta.

人的身体可以出租——受人雇佣而打工、演出、做广告、写文章,都是人对自己身体的出租行为。将孩子的抚养监护权出租给一个人,期限到孩子成年那一天,有什么不对呢?国家体操队、奥运开幕式,不是有很多童工吗?这些道德家们对这种赤裸裸的童工现象说三道四了吗?
Man’s body can be rented: hired by someone, to work, perform, advertise, write, are all rented actions of a man’s body. So what’s wrong with rent the right of child supervision to another person until the day the child becomes an adult? State Gymnastic Team and Olympic Opening Ceremony, are there many child-labours? Did anyone consider these employments inappropriate?

买卖儿童,古已有之。古人不认为这是一种罪过。或许是因为买卖儿童符合自然法。因为儿童自己没有自身的全部所有权,直到他宣称自己拥有为止。如果儿童拥有自身的全部所有权,你就不可以强迫他做任何事,包括:起床、上学或洗澡。因为你不可强迫一个有全部所有权的人做任何事。正如我不可强迫你。
Child trading has a long history. Ancient people didn’t regard it as a crime. Maybe because child trading conforms to natural law. Children do not have full ownership of themselves until they claim they have. If a child has full ownership of himself, you cannot force him to do anything, including: get up from bed, go to school or take bath. Because you should not force a fully-self-owned adult to do anything, just like I should not force you.

如果你宣称儿童具有自身的全部所有权,具有全部的选择权,那么他就应该被当作一个成人。他就必须自己养活自己。如果他不能养活自己,愿意被一个成人养活,被他管束,那么他就不拥有全部的所有权。这是很简单的道理。
If you claim a child has full ownership and right of making choice, then he should be regarded as an adult. Then he has to raise himself. If he cannot raise himself and is willing to be raised and disciplined by an adult, then he has not full ownership of himself. This is simple reasoning.

自由主义伦理的核心在于:不可强迫任何人。你,作为第三人,不可强迫孩子的父母养活孩子。如果孩子的父母拒绝养活他,你没有任何权利强迫他们做这件事情。同样地,作为和你地位相同的其他人——即使他们是整个社会所有其他的人——都没有权利强迫。即使孩子的父母做过相关的承诺。
The core of libertarian ethics is: no coercion. You, as a third person, should not force parents to raise their children. If the parents refuse to feed him, you have no right to force them to do so. At the same time, other people like you – even if they are all other people of a society – also have not such a right. Even if the parents made relevant promises.

在一个自由的社会,会导致大量的孩子饿死吗?不会的。因为自由的社会,买卖孩子的市场会特别地发达。不被父母所需要的孩子可以很容易地被以或高或低的价格卖给——有时候是倒贴钱给——未来的养父母。禁止买卖孩子,才会导致不受父母喜爱的孩子的悲剧。
Will a lot of children starve to death in a free society? No. Because in a free society, there’ll be a good market for child trading. Those children who are not needed by their parents can be easily sold – at a high or low, sometimes negative price – to their foster parents. Prohibiting child trading will lead to tragedies of the children who are not loved by their parents.

光天化日之下买卖孩子的机构早就存在——各种福利院、收养机构。自愿的领养被禁止,因为法律规定了这些机构的垄断利益。他们拿到孩子不要钱,有人要领养却索要高价。他们一边把中国的孩子卖给美国夫妇,一边禁止中国父母自己收养中国孩子。禁止买卖孩子的人,是不是在为这些机构张目呢?
There is a kind of organization who trade children openly and proudly. They are all kinds of welfare house and other adoption institutes. Voluntary adoption is banned because law wants to guarantee these monopolistic organizations’ interest. They receive children for nothing, and sell them at high price. They sell Chinese children to US parents while prohibits Chinese couples from voluntarily adopting Chinese children. Those who wants to ban child trading, are you helping these organizations?

下面是我翻译的罗斯巴德《自由的伦理》第十四章:
Following is an excerpt from Chapter 14 of Ethics of Liberty by M. Rothbard.

现在,如果父母可以拥有他的孩子(在不侵犯【指父母不得暴力侵害儿童的身体——译者注】和有逃走自由【指儿童如果主动逃离家庭,则认为这个儿童拥有完全的自我所有权——译者注】的框架内),那么他也可以将此所有权转让给他人。他可以将孩子送出去让人收养,他也可以以自愿合约的方式出售对于孩子的权利。总之,我们必须面对一个事实:纯粹的自由社会将有一个蓬勃的自由买卖儿童的市场。从表面上看,这听起来是可怕的和不人道的。但仔细的思考将会揭示这样一个市场优越的人文精神。因为我们必须认识到,儿童的市场现在已经存在。但是,由于政府禁止以某一个价格买卖儿童,父母现在只可以把他们的孩子免费地送给一个有执照的收养机构。这意味着我们现在确实有一个买卖儿童的市场,但政府实施了价格为零的最高限价,并限制市场给一些特权垄断机构。这个市场的结果是一个商品的价格由政府压低到远远低于自由市场价格的典型例子:商品巨大的“短缺”。对于婴儿和儿童的需求通常远远大于供给,因此,我们每天都能看到由于蛮横的收养机构而不能如愿收养儿童的成年人的悲剧。事实上,我们发现大量成年人夫妇希望收养儿童的需求不能被满足,同时有大量的过剩的,或者本来就不想要的孩子被他们的父母忽视或虐待。允许买卖儿童的自由市场将消除这种不平衡,并可以使婴儿和儿童远离不喜欢或不愿意照顾他们的父母,使他们可以到非常需要他们的养父母那里。参与其中的每一个人:亲生父母、儿童、购买儿童的养父母,在这样的社会里都会过得更好。
Now if a parent may own his child (within the framework of nonaggression and runaway-freedom), then he may also transfer that ownership to someone else. He may give the child out for adoption, or he may sell the rights to the child in a voluntary contract. In short, we must face the fact that the purely free society will have a flourishing free market in children. Superficially, this sounds monstrous and inhuman. But closer thought will reveal the superior humanism of such a market. For we must realize that there is a market for children now, but that since the government prohibits sale of children at a price, the parents may now only give their children away to a licensed adoption agency free of charge. This means that we now indeed have a child-market, but that the government enforces a maximum price control of zero, and restricts the market to a few privileged and therefore monopolistic agencies. The result has been a typical market where the price of the commodity is held by government far below the free-market price: an enormous "shortage" of the good. The demand for babies and children is usually far greater than the supply, and hence we see daily tragedies of adults denied the joys of adopting children by prying and tyrannical adoption agencies. In fact, we find a large unsatisfied demand by adults and couples for children, along with a large number of surplus and unwanted babies neglected or maltreated by their parents. Allowing a free market in children would eliminate this imbalance, and would allow for an allocation of babies and children away from parents who dislike or do not care for their children, and toward foster parents who deeply desire such children. Everyone involved: the natural parents, the children, and the foster parents purchasing the children, would be better off in this sort of society.

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