Wikipedia百科：毛主义

isend：自己译的，很多地方不通，希望大家指出并改正：

　　毛主义
　　
　　“毛主义”或“毛泽东思想”是中国共产主义领袖毛泽东发展马列主义得到的一种理论。
　　
　　值得注意的是，中国共产党一直把“毛泽东思想”这个用法作为首选，而在自己的英文出版物中使用“毛主义”这个词时从来都报以轻蔑的态度。同样的，中国国外的毛主义组织也通常自称“马列主义”而非“毛主义”，以表示毛泽东的观点只是发展了马克思主义，并没有改变它。然而，有的毛主义组织认为，毛泽东的理论是对马克思主义理论基础有效而坚实的补充，因此从1980年代以来就自称“马列毛主义”（MLM），简称“毛主义”。
　　
　　毛泽东思想是中国官方学说的一部分。但自1978年邓小平进行市场导向的改革以来，“有中国特色的社会主义”这个概念已经走到了中国政治的前台。中国进行了经济改革，官方对毛泽东原有意识形态的定义做了根本修改，其官方地位也严重下降了。在国外，“毛主义”这个用法早在1960年代就开始出现，通常被带有敌意地用来描述支持毛泽东和他的共产主义形式的党派或个人。
　　
　　一般被称为“光辉道路”的秘鲁共产党是第一个正式自称“毛主义”的政党，此后还有第三世界提倡人民战争的其他一些组织，包括同时代的印度共产党（毛主义），尼泊尔共产党（毛主义）和菲律宾共产党。
　　
　　这些自称“毛主义者”的组织或个人都认为苏联的赫鲁晓夫和中国的邓小平复辟了资本主义。虽然毛主义者对斯大林的评价从极高到充满矛盾情感的都有，但传统上大多数毛主义者还是把斯大林看作是苏联最后一个真正的社会主义领袖。
　　
　　
　　毛主义理论
　　
　　与将城市无产阶级视为革命主力、严重忽略农村的早期马列主义不同，毛泽东非常重视农民阶级，将其视为能被无产阶级和其先锋队共产党所领导的革命主力。1920年代到1930年代间持久的农村人民战争就采用了这种模式，最终使得中国共产党夺取了政权。此外，与将大规模工业建设视为积极力量的其他形式的马列主义不同，毛主义优先考虑多方面的农村建设。毛泽东认为，这种战略在农民占大多数的国家的社会主义早期阶段是合理的。与包括其他社会主义和马克思主义在内的大多数意识形态相比，毛主义有一套完整的军事学说，而且把政治上的意识形态与军事上的战略明确结合起来。在毛主义看来，“枪杆子里面出政权”，农民阶级能够被发动起来进行一场分为三个阶段的人民战争，三个阶段的武装斗争中包括游击战。
　　
　　第一个阶段发动组织农民阶级。第二个阶段建立农村根据地，在游击队组织中加大协作。第三个阶段转换为常规战争。毛主义的军事理论把游击队比作在农民海洋中游泳的鱼，农民为其提供后勤支持。
　　
　　毛主义强调“发动革命群众”、新民主主义，以及把生产力理论应用于独立于外界的村级工业。在毛主义看来，需要精心组织大规模军事力量和经济力量来抵抗外来威胁，通过集中制来强有力地监督控制腐败，有时还需要用革命文艺和科学来对其改造。
　　
　　毛主义与其他左翼意识形态的一个关键区别是认为资本主义与共产主义的基本矛盾导致阶级斗争将在整个社会主义阶段持续存在下去。即使无产阶级已经通过社会主义革命夺取了国家政权，资产阶级复辟资本主义的危险仍然存在。更进一步地，毛泽东提出了著名的“资产阶级就在党内”的论断，这意味着如果不加以防范，党内的腐败官员就会颠覆社会主义。这是无产阶级文化大革命主要的官方理由。在文革中，毛泽东号召群众“炮打司令部”，从走资派官僚手中夺权。
　　
　　这与斯大林主义中“社会主义下阶级斗争尖锐化”的理论类似。
　　
　　最全面概括了毛泽东理论的是红宝书，它被作为革命教育的基础发给每个中国人。书中包括了毛泽东从早期革命到1960年代中期文革爆发前的语录。
　　
　　
　　毛主义在中国
　　
　　自1976年毛泽东逝世，1978年邓小平开始改革以后，毛泽东在中国的意识形态地位就被根本改变了。虽然毛泽东思想在名义上还是国家的意识形态，但邓小平“实事求是”的训诫意味着国家方针政策要根据实际情况来制定，意识形态对国家方针政策的决定作用被大大减小了。邓小平还将毛泽东与毛泽东思想分开，明确地说毛泽东也可能犯错，因此毛泽东思想的真理要从观察社会实践结果来得到，而不是在毛泽东时代像用圣旨一样照搬毛泽东的话。
　　
　　除此之外，重新制定的党章将邓小平实用主义思想与毛泽东思想摆在同等地位。由此带来的一个结果是中国以外自称毛主义的组织大都认为中国抛弃了毛主义，复辟了资本主义。在中国国内国外都广泛存在中国背弃了毛主义的观点。在当今中国，尽管对毛泽东某些具体举措的质疑以及谈论以毛泽东思想名义实施的暴行都是允许的；但是却禁止怀疑毛泽东思想的合法性，也不准对共产党现在的举措是否符合“毛泽东思想”产生怀疑。
　　
　　虽然毛泽东思想仍然被列为中华人民共和国的四项基本原则之一，但它的历史地位已经被重新评价了。现在共产党宣称，毛泽东思想对反封建斗争的胜利是必不可少的，但是毛泽东的举措被证实导致了文化大革命中的暴行。官方观点认为，中国在政治上和经济上已经进入了“社会主义初级阶段”，在这个阶段中国面临着与以往不同的新问题；而毛泽东完全没有预见到这些问题，因此他所提倡的解决方案也不再适合中国当前国情。
　　
　　国外的毛主义评论家和大多数西方评论家都注意到了对毛泽东思想的重新定义以及对意识形态的修正，并认为邓小平和其继任者在中国恢复了实质上的资本主义。
　　
　　中国共产党官方因毛泽东在抗日战争和建立中华人民共和国中的贡献而称他为“伟大的革命领袖”，但是1959年到1976年间毛主义在中国的实践却被现在的中国共产党视作经济上和政治上的灾难。在邓小平时代，原初的毛主义的支持者都被看成基于个人崇拜的“极左分子”；虽然在官方看来，那些“错误”是四人帮而非毛泽东本人造成的。
　　
　　虽然这些意识形态分类在21世纪初已经不再像当初那样造成争论，但1980年代早期中国政府在面临如何在不摧毁它的合法性前提下推行经济改革的难题时，这些意识形态之间的区别非常重要。许多人认为邓小平之所以能成功启动中国的经济改革，在很大程度上得益于他能够在毛泽东思想的框架内证明那些改革是正当的。
　　
　　今天有些历史学家将毛泽东思想看成毛泽东为了满足自己对权力的渴求而发明的意识形态托辞。中国政府对此的官方看法是，毛泽东创立毛泽东思想并不是为了权力，但是在他的晚年，他本人或者他周围的人可以用毛泽东思想来制造个人崇拜。
　　
　　中国共产党官方和中国很多公众都认为毛泽东当政的后期是中国的灾难。对于毛泽东的政策导致的死亡人数有多种说法，存在很大的争议。对于文物、宗教和文艺的破坏事件仍然是个谜。请参阅文化革命的文章以了解对这段时期的更多讨论。
　　
　　许多人仍然对就业、教育、医疗和革命带来的其他福利在利润驱动的新经济中被大规模取消而感到遗憾。中国新左派的崛起可以反映出这点，他们寻求使中国回到毛泽东以后邓小平以前的时代的道路。如果要了解他们最近的观点，请阅读他们的文章。
　　
　　某些西方学者认为中国的快速工业化和从1911-1949的残忍内战阶段相对迅速的恢复应归功于毛主义——尤其是跟东南亚、俄罗斯和印度的发展对比来说。
　　
　　
　　国际上的毛主义
　　
　　1962年以来，中国共产党对世界共运中苏联霸权的挑战导致了世界范围内共产党的多方面的分化。在早期，阿尔巴尼亚劳动党和东南亚的许多主流共产党——包括缅甸共产党、泰国共产党和印度尼西亚共产党——都站在中国共产党一边。有的亚洲政党——比如越南工人党和朝鲜劳动党——试图保持中立。
　　
　　在中国共产党支持下，西半球和南半球建立了过多的政党和组织。他们通常起名为“共产党（马列）”或“革命共产党”以区别于传统的支持苏联的共产党。在很多情况下，支持共产党的运动都建立在1960年代和1970年代席卷全球的激进学运浪潮的基础上。
　　
　　西方传统政党中，新西兰共产党是惟一站在中国共产党一边的。在中国共产党和毛泽东的领导下，一场与苏联平行竞争的国际共产主义运动浮出水面，但并没有像支持苏联的政党那样倾向于正规化和同质化。
　　
　　在1976年毛泽东逝世和中国随之而来的多种权力斗争后，国际毛主义运动大体上分成了三部分。一部分支持邓小平对中国的新领导，虽然不一定非常积极。这一部分组成成分很杂。另一部分公开指责新的领导阶层是马列主义毛泽东思想的叛徒。第三部分跟阿尔巴尼亚站在一起，谴责中国共产党的“三个世界”理论。
　　
　　支持阿尔巴尼亚的这一部分在Enver Hoxha和阿尔巴尼亚劳动党的领导下有效地发展成为一种国际趋势。这种趋势有能力将拉丁美洲大多数组织整合起来，比如巴西共产党。
　　
　　中国的新领导阶层对于国外支持毛泽东中国的多个宗派内斗不感兴趣，国际毛主义运动陷入混乱无序中。许多在1975年前与中国共产党成为兄弟党的党派或者解散，或者完全抛弃了中国，或者甚至背弃了马列主义，变为非共产主义的社会民主党。现在的“国际毛主义运动”是从第二部分发展来的，也就是反对邓小平，声称继承了毛泽东遗产的那部分政党。
　　
　　在1980年代出现了两个平行的重组运动，一个以菲律宾共产党为中心，创建了ICMLPO（国际马列主义政党与组织大会）；另一个创建了RIM（革命国际主义者运动），光辉道路共产主义游击组织和美国革命共产党在创建中起了领导作用。
　　
　　ICMLPO和RIM都宣称支持马列主义毛泽东思想，不过RIM后来用“马列毛主义”代替了这一说法。
　　
　　
　　今日毛主义
　　
　　今天RIM创建的毛主义组织在南亚的势力最强，并活跃在世界上其他地区的武装斗争前沿，最著名的是孟加拉国，最近是在尼泊尔。在秘鲁和土耳其也都有小型的武装叛乱。
　　
　　在菲律宾，不是RIM成员的菲律宾共产党用自己的武装势力新人民军领导了武装斗争。
　　
　　在秘鲁，秘鲁共产党的小纵队还在进行零星战斗。自从领袖Gonzalo主席和其他中央委员会的成员在1992年被捕以后，秘鲁共产党无法再组织起主动进攻。支持秘鲁共产党隐蔽起来的人持有多种不同的政治立场。
　　
　　在印度，印度共产党（毛主义）一直在进行持久战。由人民战争组织和毛主义共产主义中心合并成立后，印度共产党（毛主义）将军事行动的范围扩展到大半个印度，自创建起就被总理列为印度共和国的“重大内部安全威胁”。
　　
　　在德国，ICMLPO附属的MLPD（德国马列主义党）是德国明确宣称马克思主义的最大的组织。
　　
　　在尼泊尔毛主义也成为一种重要的政治意识形态，毛主义叛军与尼泊尔皇家军队和君主制的其他支持者直到不久以前还在交火。尼泊尔共产党（毛主义）宣布武装斗争已经结束，并表示愿意加入临时政府，以参加国家制宪委员会的选举。
　　
　　
　　军事战略
　　
　　毛泽东被广泛认为是一个天才的军事战略家，即使在反对他的政治或经济主张的人中也是如此。他关于游击战的开创性的入门著作《论游击战》和对人民战争的论述被公认为基础读物，对实施和对抗游击战争的双方来说都是如此。
　　
　　相比毛主义的经济和政治理念来说，在21世纪初，毛主义的军事理念更适用于中华人民共和国之外。中华人民共和国在21世纪初面临的军事环境与1930年代大为不同，国内外关于这点已经达成共识。这造成中国人民解放军内部对如何将毛泽东军事理论与21世纪军事观念相关联展开了广泛的争论，特别是在军事行动中的革命理念方面。
 

Maoism - Wikipedia
 2007-08-23 03:36:18 　

　　Maoism
　　
　　Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (Simplified Chinese: 毛泽东思想; Pinyin: Máo Zédōng Sīxiǎng), is a variant of Marxism-Leninism derived from the teachings of the Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong (Wade-Giles Romanization: "Mao Tse-tung").
　　
　　It should be noted that the term Mao Zedong Thought has always been the preferred term by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and that the word Maoism has never been used in its English-language publications except pejoratively. Likewise, Maoist groups outside China have usually called themselves "Marxist-Leninist" rather than Maoist, a reflection of Mao's view that he did not change, but only developed, Marxism-Leninism. However, some Maoist groups, believing Mao's theories to have been sufficiently substantial additions to the basics of the Marxist canon, have since the 1980s called themselves "Marxist-Leninist-Maoist" (MLM) or simply "Maoist."
　　
　　In the People's Republic of China (PRC), Mao Zedong Thought is part of the official doctrine of the CPC, but since the 1978 beginning of Deng Xiaoping's market economy-oriented reforms, the concept of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" has come to the forefront of Chinese politics, Chinese economic reform has taken hold, and the official definition and role of Mao's original ideology in the PRC has been radically altered and reduced (see History of China). Outside the PRC, the term Maoism was used from the 1960s onwards, usually in a hostile sense, to describe parties or individuals who supported Mao Zedong and his form of communism.
　　
　　The Communist Party of Peru known as the Shining Path was the first grouping to officially call itself 'Maoist', and has since been followed by other groups advocating the People's War in the Third World, including the contemporary Communist Party of India (Maoist), the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and the Communist Party of the Philippines.
　　
　　All those using the self-description 'Maoist' believe that capitalism was restored in the Soviet Union under Nikita Khruschev and in China under Deng Xiaoping. Traditionally most Maoists have deemed Joseph Stalin as the last true socialist leader of the Soviet Union, although Maoist assessments of Stalin vary between the extremely positive and the more ambivalent.
　　
　　Maoist theory
　　
　　Unlike the earlier forms of Marxism-Leninism in which the urban proletariat was seen as the main source of revolution, and the countryside was largely ignored, Mao focused on the peasantry as the main revolutionary force who, he said, could be led by the proletariat and its vanguard, the CCP. The model for this was the Chinese communist rural Protracted People's War of the 1920s and 1930s, which eventually brought the CCP to power. Furthermore, unlike other forms of Marxism-Leninism, in which large-scale industrial development was seen as a positive force, Maoism made all-round rural development the priority. Mao felt that this strategy made sense during the early stages of socialism in a country in which most of the people were peasants. Unlike most other political ideologies, including other socialist and Marxist ones, Maoism contains an integral military doctrine and explicitly connects its political ideology with military strategy. In Maoist thought, "political power comes from the barrel of the gun" (one of Mao's quotes), and the peasantry can be mobilized to undertake a "people's war" of armed struggle involving guerrilla warfare in three stages.
　　
　　The first stage involves mobilizing and organizing the peasantry. The second stage involves setting up rural base areas and increasing coordination among the guerrilla organizations. The third stage involves a transition to conventional warfare. Maoist military doctrine likens guerrilla fighters to fish swimming in a sea of peasants, who provide logistical support.
　　
　　Maoism emphasizes "revolutionary mass mobilization" (physically mobilizing the vast majority of a population in the struggle for socialism), the concept of New Democracy, and the Theory of Productive Forces as applied to village-level industries independent of the outside world (see Great Leap Forward). In Maoism, deliberate organizing of massive military and economic power is necessary to defend the revolutionary area from outside threat, while centralization keeps corruption under supervision, amid strong control, and sometimes alteration, by the revolutionaries of the area's arts and sciences.
　　
　　A key concept that distinguishes Maoism from most other left-wing ideologies (save for "mainstream" Marxism-Leninism and Trotsky's theories) is the belief that the class struggle continues throughout the entire socialist period, as a result of the fundamental antagonistic contradiction between capitalism and communism. Even when the proletariat has seized state power through a socialist revolution, the potential remains for a bourgeoisie to restore capitalism. Indeed, Mao famously stated that "the bourgeoisie [in a socialist country] is right inside the Communist Party itself", implying that corrupt Party officials would subvert socialism if not prevented. This was officially the main reason for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, in which Mao exhorted the public to "Bombard the [Party] headquarters!" and wrest control of the government from bureaucrats (such as Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping) perceived to be on the capitalist road.
　　
　　This is akin to the "Stalinist" theory of the aggravation of class struggle under socialism.
　　
　　Mao's doctrine is best summarized in the Little Red Book of Mao Zedong, which was distributed to everyone in China as the basis of revolutionary education. This book consists of quotations from the earliest days of the revolution to the mid-1960s, just before the beginning of the Cultural Revolution.
　　
　　Maoism in China
　　
　　Since the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, and the reforms of Deng Xiaoping starting in 1978, the role of Mao's ideology within the PRC has radically changed. Although Mao Zedong Thought nominally remains the state ideology, Deng's admonition to seek truth from facts means that state policies are judged on their practical consequences and the role of ideology in determining policy has been considerably reduced. Deng also separated Mao from Maoism, making it clear that Mao was fallible and hence that the truth of Maoism comes from observing social consequences rather than by using Mao's quotations as holy writ, as was done in Mao's lifetime.
　　
　　In addition, the party constitution has been rewritten to give the pragmatic ideas of Deng Xiaoping as much prominence as those of Mao. One consequence of this is that groups outside China which describe themselves as Maoist generally regard China as having repudiated Maoism and restored capitalism, and there is a wide perception both in and out of China that China has abandoned Maoism. However, while it is now permissible to question particular actions of Mao and to talk about excesses taken in the name of Maoism, there is a prohibition in China on either publicly questioning the validity of Maoism or questioning whether the current actions of the CCP are "Maoist."
　　
　　Although Mao Zedong Thought is still listed as one of the four cardinal principles of the People's Republic of China, its historical role has been re-assessed. The Communist Party now says that Maoism was necessary to break China free from its feudal past, but that the actions of Mao are seen to have led to excesses during the Cultural Revolution. The official view is that China has now reached an economic and political stage, known as the primary stage of socialism, in which China faces new and different problems completely unforeseen by Mao, and as such the solutions that Mao advocated are no longer relevant to China's current conditions.
　　
　　Both Maoist critics outside China and most Western commentators see this re-working of the definition of Maoism as providing an ideological justification for what they see as the restoration of the essentials of capitalism in China by Deng and his successors.
　　
　　Mao himself is officially regarded by the CCP as a "great revolutionary leader" for his role in fighting the Japanese and creating the People's Republic of China, but Maoism as implemented between 1959 and 1976 is regarded by today's CCP as an economic and political disaster. In Deng's day, support of radical Maoism was regarded as a form of "left deviationism" and being based on a cult of personality, although these 'errors' are officially attributed to the Gang of Four rather than to Mao himself.
　　
　　Although these ideological categories and disputes are less relevant at the start of the 21st century, these distinctions were very important in the early 1980s, when the Chinese government was faced with the dilemma of how to allow economic reform to proceed without destroying its own legitimacy, and many argue that Deng's success in starting Chinese economic reform was in large part due to his being able to justify those reforms within a Maoist framework.
　　
　　Some historians today regard Maoism as an ideology devised by Mao as a pretext for his own quest for power. The official view of the Chinese government was that Mao did not create Maoism to gain power, but that in his later years, Mao or those around him were able to use Maoism to create a cult of personality.
　　
　　Both the official view of the CCP and much public opinion within China regards the latter period of Mao's rule as having been a disaster for their country. The various estimates of the number of deaths attributable to Mao's policies that have been offered remain highly controversial. The incidents of destruction in cultural remains, religion, and art remain a mystery. For more discussion of this period, see the article Cultural Revolution.
　　
　　Still, many regret the erosion of guaranteed employment, education, health care, and other gains of the revolution that have been largely lost in the new profit-driven economy. This is reflected in a strain of Chinese Neo-Leftism in the country that seeks to return China to the days after Mao but before Deng; for more on that current's beliefs, see its article.
　　
　　Some Western scholars argue that China's rapid industrialization and relatively quick recovery from the brutal period of civil wars 1911-1949 was a positive impact of Maoism, and contrast its development specifically to that of Southeast Asia, Russia and India.
　　
　　Maoism internationally
　　
　　From 1962 onwards the challenge to the Soviet hegemony in the World Communist Movement made by the CCP resulted in various divisions in communist parties around the world. At an early stage, the Albanian Party of Labour sided with the CCP. So did many of the mainstream (non-splinter group) communist parties in South-East Asia, like the Burmese Communist Party, Communist Party of Thailand, and Communist Party of Indonesia. Some Asian parties, like the Workers Party of Vietnam and the Workers Party of Korea attempted to take a middle-ground position.
　　
　　In the west and south, a plethora of parties and organizations were formed that upheld links to the CCP. Often they took names such as Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) or Revolutionary Communist Party to distinguish themselves from the traditional pro-Soviet communist parties. The pro-CCP movements were, in many cases, based amongst the wave of student radicalism that engulfed the world in the 1960s and 1970s.
　　
　　Only one Western classic communist party sided with CCP, the Communist Party of New Zealand. Under the leadership of CCP and Mao Zedong, a parallel international communist movement emerged to rival that of the Soviets, although it was never as formalized and homogeneous as the pro-Soviet tendency.
　　
　　After the death of Mao in 1976 and various power-struggles in China that followed, the international Maoist movement was, in rough terms, divided into three. One section supported — although not necessarily with great enthusiasm — the new Chinese leadership under Deng Xiaoping. This category was highly heterogeneous. Another section denounced the new leadership as traitors to the cause of Marxism-Leninism Mao Zedong Thought. A third section sided with the Albanians in denouncing the Three Worlds Theory of the CCP. (See Sino-Albanian Split.)
　　
　　The pro-Albanian category would effectively start to function as an international tendency of its own, led by Enver Hoxha and the APL. That tendency was able to amalgamate most of the groups in Latin America, such as the Communist Party of Brazil.
　　
　　The new Chinese leadership had little interest in the various foreign factions supporting Mao's China, and the movement fell into disarray. Many of the parties that had been fraternal parties of the Chinese government before 1975 either disbanded, abandoned the Chinese entirely, or even denounced Marxism-Leninism and developed into non-communist, social democratic parties. What is today sometimes referred to as the "international Maoist movement" evolved out of the second category — the parties that opposed Deng and claimed to uphold the legacy of Mao.
　　
　　During the 1980s two parallel regroupment efforts emerged, one centered around the Communist Party of the Philippines, which gave birth to the ICMLPO, and one that birthed the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement, which the Shining Path communist guerrilla group and the Revolutionary Communist Party USA played a leading role in forming.
　　
　　Both the International Conference and the RIM tendencies claimed to uphold Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought, although RIM was later to substitute that ideology with what they termed 'Marxism-Leninism-Maoism'.
　　
　　Maoism today
　　
　　Today the Maoist organizations grouped in RIM have their strongest hold in South Asia, and are at the forefront of the armed struggles throughout the rest of the world, most notably in Bangladesh, and until recently Nepal. There are also smaller insurgencies going on in Peru and Turkey.
　　
　　In the Philippines, the Communist Party of the Philippines, which is not part of the RIM, leads an armed struggle through its military wing, the New People's Army.
　　
　　In Peru, several columns of the Communist Party of Peru/SL are fighting a sporadic war. Since the capture of their leadership, Chairman Gonzalo and other members of their central committee in 1992, the PCP/SL no longer has initiative in the fight. Several different political positions are supported by those claiming the mantle of the PCP/SL.
　　
　　In India, the Communist Party of India (Maoist) have been fighting a protracted war. Formed by the merger of the People's War Group and the Maoist Communist Center, they have expanded their range of operations to over half of India and have been listed by the Prime Minister as the "greatest internal security threat" to the Indian republic since it was founded.
　　
　　In Germany the ICMLPO-affiliated MLPD is the largest unambiguously-Marxist group in the country.
　　
　　Maoism has also become a significant political ideology in Nepal, where until recently, the Maoist insurgency has been fighting against the Royal Nepalese Army and other supporters of the monarchy. The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), a RIM member, has declared the armed struggle over and will be joining the interim government, leading to elections for a national constituent assembly.
　　
　　Military strategy
　　
　　Mao is widely regarded as a brilliant military strategist even among those who oppose his political or economic ideas. His writings on guerrilla warfare, most notably in his groundbreaking primer On Guerilla Warfare, and the notion of people's war are now generally considered to be essential reading, both for those who wish to conduct guerrilla operations and for those who wish to oppose them.
　　
　　As with his economic and political ideas, Maoist military ideas seem to have more relevance at the start of the 21st century outside of the People's Republic of China than within it. There is a consensus both within and outside the PRC that the military context that the PRC faces in the early 21st century are very different from the one faced by China in the 1930s. As a result, within the People's Liberation Army there has been extensive debate over whether and how to relate Mao's military doctrines to 21st-century military ideas, especially the idea of a revolution in military affairs.
　　
　　See also
　　Quotations From Chairman Mao Zedong
　　History of the People's Republic of China
　　Cult of Personality
　　New Democracy (concept)
　　List of people described as Maoists
　　Deng Xiaoping Theory
　　Three Represents
　　
　　External links
　　
　　General
　　The Encyclopedia of Marxism Mao Zedong Thought.
　　The Encyclopedia of Marxism Mao's life.
　　Red Flags News & Commentary from a diversity of Maoist perspectives
　　Monthly Review January 2005 Text of the leaflets distributed by the Zhengzhou Four.
　　Maoist News and Commentary
　　World Revolution Media Maoist revolutionary film, music, and art archive
　　Naxal Revolution Pro-Maoist Blog
　　parisar Blog of Pro-Maoist Students
　　Mao: A Re-evaluation A New View Of Mao
　　What Maoism Has Contributed by Samir Amin
　　Maoist Environmentalism
　　
　　Selected organizations listed alphabetically
　　Chinese Communist Party *in Chinese*
　　Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)
　　Freedom Road Socialist Organization
　　Maoist Internationalist Movement (MIM)
　　Revolutionary Communist Party of Canada (PCR-RCP)
　　Revolutionary Communist Party USA Revolution paper online
　　Revolutionary Internationalist Movement Committee of various Marxist-Leninist-Maoist parties from around the world
　　Communist Party of the Portuguese Workers PCTP/MRPP (Portugal)
　　
　　Revolutions
　　A paper on "Maoists of Nepal" from website of "South Asia Analysis Group" www.saag.org
　　Philippine Revolution Web Central Information on Communist Party Of The Philippines, the New People's Army, and Revolution in the Philippines
　　Search BBC for news about Maoists (using Google)
　　Search for Maoists on Google News
　　
　　
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